Worksheets School And Kindergarten Classroom - 2599 Words

Worksheets v. Play in the Classroom Jayla Reid English 4 Honors Mr. Wilson Period 6 February 27, 2017 Worksheets in the preschool and kindergarten classroom are not developmentally appropriate practices and should be replaced quite often with play. Play is also considered as â€Å"hands-on-activities.† In order for a practice to be considered developmentally appropriate, it must be up to par in three categories. These categories are: age, culture, and individual appropriateness. Worksheets are not developmentally appropriate in any category nor age group. Specifically preschool and kindergarten. They are instruments used to pass time and serve as busy work. They do not promote nor maximize learning in any fashion. Worksheets are†¦show more content†¦Some decided to branch off, while others directly followed her trail. While some worked after her, there was a theorist who worked closely with her while she was alive. Jean Piaget and Sara Smilansky together developed what they felt were the three categories of play. They were as listed: Sensorimotor play in which the chi ldren uses their sensorimotor skills to explore their surroundings, symbolic play in which the children use symbols to represent another object or thing, and games with rules in which children play and are able to follow as well as comprehend rules, understanding that there are certain rules for how certain things are played. From these categories, sociodramatic play is where Smilansky took her research to another level, developing the previous listed components of her theory. Beginning with functional play, this is important to have a setting dedicated to this form of play. According to researchers, Smilansky stated that functional play is using repetition in physical actions, language, and manipulation of objects, based on the need for physical activity. Functional play develops motor responses as well as both gross and fine motor skills. In the areas of learning through the manipulation of play, there should be â€Å"games† such as beanbag toss. In this the child can manip ulate the beanbag, using their gross motor skills in which improving them. Stacking blocks is another way to achieve the outcome ofShow MoreRelatedA Presentation Of The Rationale For The Qualitative Case Study Approach1659 Words   |  7 Pagespresentation of the rationale for the qualitative case study approach. Next, I will present the participant selection criteria, the design of the study, and the methods of the data collection which will include the two interviews (first and follow-up), classroom observation, videotaping the participant during instruction, and document data collection. I will also discuss the strategies I will be using to enhance the trustworthiness of the study. At the end of this chapter, I will explain the methods ofRead MoreTeacher Interview And Observation Of A Kindergarten Math Lesson Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesteaching were at an inner city school in Los Angeles, where she said, â€Å"I was the only white person there.† For the last eigh teen years she has been teaching a variety of grade levels at Aurthur Hapgood Elementary in Lompoc, current she teaches kindergarten. As I work at the same school as Mrs. Grill, I interview her almost daily, for the purpose of this paper the majority of the interview was completed two days before the observation. The formal observation of a kindergarten math lesson occurred on FridayRead MoreHow Educators Use Assessments Within Their Classroom Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesaddress concerns or areas that need improvement, with concepts like instruction, in order to help students reach full academic potential within the classroom. To acquire additional information pertaining to how educators use assessments within their classroom, I interviewed Mrs. Beth Vondran, an Kindergarten educator at St. Mary’s East Primary School in St. Mary’s Ohio. Mrs. Vondran is currently in her 29th year of education and has years of experience using assessments to monitor academic studen tRead MoreMy Experience With A Student s Field Experience825 Words   |  4 Pagesemail to see what you sent. And that is why I just am beginning for my worksheet, now, I am trying to find video relate to topic as behavior, and I still keep going to watch â€Å"Back-to-School Countdown: How to Build Classroom Culture† Sarah Brown Wessling† at number 10, and find some videos about behavior, I do not do work sheet follow order, I plan to find some behavior videos first, I think it easy to understand what school environment, culture of class, attitude of student and teacher, additionRead MorePerformance Indicators Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesRationale Action and rationale Action and rationale o Coloring worksheets provided below, and crayons - In one center have students color worksheet with steps on how to wash hands properly. On the second center have students draw and color what their imagine germs look like. o Books: Germs are not for sharing by Elizabeth Verdick illustrated by Marieka Heinlen, and Miss Bindergarten stays home from kindergarten by Joseph Slate – Read books to students during circle (lecture) time. o SockRead MoreQuestions On Context For Learning Information899 Words   |  4 Pagesmaximum will not be scored. About the School Where You Are Teaching 1. In what type of school do you teach? (Type an X next to the appropriate description.) Urban: _____ Suburban: __X___ Rural: _____ 2. What grade levels are at your school site (e.g., K–6)? [Kimberly Heights Elementary teaches students from pre-k to kindergarten at their school.] 3. List any special features of your school or classroom setting (e.g., charter, co-teaching, themed magnet, classroom aide, bilingual, team taught withRead MoreA Constructivist Approach in the Classroom Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagesjust ideas on paper. It affects the entirety of your interactions with students, as well as how your classroom is set up, two things that are very important to a high quality constructivist classroom. Besides a dreamer, I am also a Registered Early Childhood Educator (RECE), and for the past ten years I have worked at a daycare with an emergent curriculum, primarily in the kindergarten and school age programs. Like constructivism, the emergent curriculum is based on the theories of Jean Piaget, JohnRead MoreQuestions On The Lesson Plan Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagesanswer questions about characters and major events in a Story. Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas: Standard- SL.PK.6: Demonstrate an emergent ability to express thoughts, Feelings And ideas. Focus question (Big Idea): â€Å"What are the rules in school?† Outcome(s)- Learning Targets or Focus: At the end of the lesson the student will be able to (list each with the method of assessment): Students will be able to Make predictions based on picture clues, context clues and their prior knowledgeRead MoreEvaluation Of A Pre Kindergarten Classroom1221 Words   |  5 Pagesdocument is an overview of a pre-kindergarten classroom; found in the Barker school district. This class was organized to benefit all the students who walked into the room. Exceptional learners had many options to excel in all areas. The educator had many strategies in her wheelhouse, which benefits all students. Mrs. P is a seasoned educator and has many strategies, lesson plan, kinesthetic activities to benefit all students; which can be implemented in a future classroom. Plans and strategies are importantRead MoreEssay Elementary School Teaching784 Words   |  4 PagesTop Ten Reasons for Becoming an Elementary School Teacher Being an elementary school teacher is a highly rewarding profession. Building the academic foundation of young minds can be challenging, but is incredibly worthwhile. If you are considering becoming an elementary school teacher, here are the top ten reasons why you may want to take the leap into the classroom:1. You have a broad appreciation of school subjects.To be an elementary school teacher, you have to be versed in a variety of subjects

The First Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)

The first constitution of Texas adopted on March 1, 1836 opens with these words, â€Å"We, the people of Texas, in order to form a Government, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense and general welfare; and to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves, and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution†. (â€Å"Constitution of Republic of Texas† pp. 9-25.) Created in 1836, the first Constitution of the Republic of Texas was born. Fearful of attack by Mexican troops, fifty nine delegates, borrowing from other State Constitutions and the United States Constitution, met at the Washington-on-the-Brazos to write the first Constitution for Texas as an independent unitary body of Government. (Haag†¦show more content†¦(Haag and Keith p. 37) Adapted from Spanish-Mexican law, tax exemptions, protection of homesteads, and community property rights, were some of the most important provisions put into the 1836 const itution that Texas adopted upon its separation from Mexico. (Ericson, Joe E.) Evolving from the English criminal court system, the provisions calling for the application of judiciary law were widely used and preferred by most white American settlers when trying criminal court cases. (Ericson, Joe E.) Provisions adopted from other Southern States were a direct reflection of where most of the fifty nine delegates who drafted the first Texas Constitution came from. (Ericson, Joe E.) Priests were not allowed to hold a public office, there was the abolishment of imprisonment for debt, and short office terms of representatives and judges were all provisions that reflected the uncommon practices of a Southern Jacksonian view point. (Ericson, Joe E.) One main provision and the longest provision under the general provisions of the 1836 Texas Constitution that took precedence over all other laws and provisions were related to land. Centered around the protection of the rights of the people who had come to Texas because of the attraction of Texas lands, Section ten under General Provisions of the first constitution states, â€Å"All citizens now living in Texas, who have not received their portion of land, in like manner asShow MoreRelatedTexas Battle For Independence And Juan Seguin Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesTexas’ Battle for Independence and Juan Seguin The battle for Texas’ independence was a hard battle. Many lives were taken, home destroyed, and families were torn apart. Texas residents wanted to break away from Mexico and become a self-governing republic inside of Mexico because they did not like Santa Anna’s laws. Mexico did not allow slave immigration, so Texas wanted to be a part of the United States that allowed slavery. But the main reason was that Mexico would not change or consider any governmentRead MoreTexas Annexation Essay example965 Words   |  4 PagesNarrative History of Texas Annexation, Secession, and Readmission to the Union Texans voted in favor of annexation to the United States in the first election following independence in 1836. However, throughout the Republic period (1836-1845) no treaty of annexation negotiated between the Republic and the United States was ratified by both nations. When all attempts to arrive at a formal annexation treaty failed, the United States Congress passed--after much debate and only a simple majority--aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Texas Constitution By Lawrence W. Miller961 Words   |  4 PagesThe article â€Å"The Texas Constitution† by Lawrence W. Miller is mainly about the stages of leading up to the creation of our current Texas Constitution, and the lengthiness that seems to ne be taken into consideration when creating the final draft. The framers of the Texas Constitution did not seem to learn much from their predecessors, the writers of the U.S. Constitution. The article starts out by explaining how the U.S. Constitution works in regards to the government, and how it was created.Read MoreSam Houston986 Words   |  4 Pageshis second wife and his life among the Indians Samuel Houston went to Texas in 1832 to begin the most crucial part of his career as a public servant. In Texas he soon became involve in the Texans politics of rebellion, he was a delegate from Nacogdoches at the Convention of 1833 in San Felipe, in there he took sides with the radicals lead by William H. Wharton. In November 1835, he was appointed for major general of the Texas army. He was commissioned alone with John Forbes by the provisional governmentRead MoreThe Mexican State Of Coahuila Y Tejas1287 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican settlement in Texas began with the encouragement of first the Spanish, and then Mexican, governments. In the summer of 1820 Moses Austin, a bankrupt 59-year old Missourian, asked Spanish authorities for a large Texas land tract which he wo uld promote and sell to American pioneers. The request by Austin seemed preposterous. His background was that of a Philadelphia dry goods merchant, a Virginia mine operator, a Louisiana judge, and a Missouri banker. But early in 1821, the Spanish governmentRead MoreThe Constitution Of The Federal Republic Of Mexico1828 Words   |  8 PagesYear and Document Title of Texas (state, republic, nation, etc. And purpose of document Political Tension, Issues, and Debates, Causes Key changes and impact on organizations, structure, and power of Texas government Consequences 1824 Federal Constitution of United Mexican States Part of the Federal Republic of Mexico. Purpose is to establish independence from Spain After the war of independence that separated Mexico from Spain as an independent country and oust of Agustin I as the ruling monarchRead MoreThe Birthplace Of A Nation1180 Words   |  5 Pagesa modest mercantile would be miraculously transformed into a symbol of freedom and an inspiration of courage? Rich in history, a symbol of the heritage of Texas, the birthplace of a nation—this is â€Å"Independence Hall.† Independence Hall is a humble, one-room, wooden cabin located at the Washington on the Brazos Historic Site in Texas. At first glance, this modest place may not appear significant, after all, it was designed to be a practical, little mercantile. But this place is so much more thanRead MoreEssay about Annexation Of Texas1066 Words   |  5 Pagesnine years of Texas’s independence were long and seemed to be dragged out. Were those nine years unnecessary and could it have been done in a shorter period of time? 13 October 1834 was the first revolutionary meeting of the American citizens who’d settled in Mexico, in the area soon to be known as Texas. The people attempted a movement that soon was laid to rest by the Mexican Congress. Attempts at independence were silenced for the time being and the elections of 1835 proceeded forward. WithRead MoreThe Mexican -american War And The Annexation Of The Republic Of Texas Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesWar and the Annexation of the Republic of Texas (1836-1845) Since the United States was founded as an independent nation from Great Britain, its people had confronted many economic, political, and social problems. The United States started to expand its territory in the western part of the country. Some examples are the Louisiana purchase from1803 and the Spanish Florida annexation. One of the most significant and controversial in the antebellum years was the Texas annexation which was a result ofRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The United States Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesboundary of the US territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean in exchange for the US paying residents claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5 million and relinquishing its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. 1824 Election John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson (and William H. Crawford and Henry Clay); John Quincy is elected by decision of the House of Representatives;

Marketing Plan Customer Relationship Management

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Marketing Plan of Customer Relationship Management. Answer: Introduction Marketing plan is an important part of any industry to flourish, increase its goodwill and higher the clientele to increase the profits. In a hotel and tourism industry marketing is an important tool that helps to increase the quality of the business and sets strategies for its development and as a resultant it increases the financial strength of the industry. Hotel industry is considered as the biggest sub-sector of the tourism industry; it is a direct beneficiary of the tourism sector and grows proportionately to the growth of it (Brotherton, 2003). Chosen Organisation: The Roger Smith Hotel, New York RogerSmith hotel is a 250 room family run hotel situated in New York downtown Manhattan that uses social media to make it accessible to guests. It spread its brand name in digital media through social media platform to become popular in New York City. This strategy was done to reach maximum target market and attract a huge number of prospect people.Social media helped and allowed channelizing that was considered important by Roger Smith as it has a people first approach. It is a boutique hotel, offering wifi, internet enabled booking with promotional offers and has won 2015 Social Responsibility Award in US. Market Structure: The market structure analysis helps to evaluate key data, information about a firms competitive environment, position in the industry, customer development, product development leading to market development (Go Pine, 2008). It helps to establish the value drivers which allows to setup metrics that will provide improved terms and increased valuations for the firm. This assessment can be done by doing SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis for understanding what RogerSmith hotel offers. This is an audit of the operations, marketing that defines the capability of the brand. This serves as a threshold point for the RogerSmith hotel to understand the journey plan to improve in order to reach the desired state. The hotel leadership and management together with the employees need to understand their contribution towards making the brand a success. PESTLE analysis of the organisation and know the advantages and disadvantages of the company. This helps in knowing where the brand and the organisation is currently standing in the market and the weaknesses it needs to overcome (Francesco Gold, 2007). The US elections are on the way shows that political risk factor will be low, but the republican/democrat ideology may have change in industry or sector. The US economic slowdown has been a wary signal which it needs to ponder as consumer spending will be conservative and restricted. Hotel industry a sub-sector of the tourism industry; is dependent on the business sentiments. Hotel industry has to perform various tasks in order to connect and use promotional tactics to attract the people all around, for this it has to use promotional strategies, marketing skills, know its customers and plan according to the needs of the customers and make its efforts known to them. Socially the sector can benefit from the friends, relatives, business colleagues who can bring in additional business, and repeat footfalls as hotel guests. Legally the compliance for operations and HR laws has been adhered to avoid litigation. However, Bowie Buttle (2007) added that the customer disputes need special attention that has a direct outcome on the hotel brand name. Technology is an enabler and also a great tool for customer interaction making it convenient. The above tool allows understanding of the current market structure, the players at macro level whose direct and indirect association affects the hospitality business and aids in understanding the trend of the market structure. Market structure contains the price/value that has real value and perceived value components. So the RogerSmith hotel value is right service at right time for all customer segments needs evaluation with customers viewpoints that will help to improve the service. Designing the service delivery process which emanates from the vision and mission of the hotel helps to align those components and the pricing paradigm. The price which the customer pays is therefore a measure of the value component which the customer receives (Harrison, 2003). The comparison of the offerings made against the price charged should lead to sellers. This for RogerSmith hotel will be the total number of hotels in a zipcode in New York City, their tariffs, total customer base and service offerings. The aggregate of total number of sellers in the hospitality sector in New York City is the next step to understand the competition intensity. Roger Smith hotel is a good hotel with adequate brand reputation that has too many competitors in NY City. In order to understand operations and delivery, the regulations and compliance needs listing for maintaining the minimum requirement criteria. This has labour laws that is applicable for the employees in the Roger Smith hotel, the establishment of the premises which is approved and authorised by NY police, NY fire department The market structure also needs assessment of the technologies involved currently, cost of implementation and the range of advantages or value adds it can perform. The buyers perspectives about the RogerSmith hotel perception will be surveyed to understand how customers perceive (segmenting them) against the competition. Thus these components allow the market structure dimensions to align the RogerSmith hotel value that needs to be repositioned as per industry trends visible in NewYork City. Figure 2: Market Structure Analysis Competitive Analysis It is necessary for a company to assess the market and the competitors on a periodic basis so as to review their own standing in the market. The competitor analysis should be able to evaluate the strategy of the competitor and predict responses that are competitor moves. Changes in the industry key parameters like RevPAR, occupancy rates, economic condition of the US, that are important guidance for the hotel industry, employment rates, business outlook (Hooley et al. 2008). Applying Porters Industry analysis tools, the Five forces analyses the type of forces which are acting on the firm. Porters five force analysis: RogerSmith hotel, NY The Porters five force analysis shows if the hotel industry is capable of withstanding the challenges and barriers in the external environment that affects the capabilities of an organisation to exist in the competitive environment. Entry of new entrants: [LOW] This is a boutique hotel and niche, with family converting in the property into a hotel group. The industry has dominance is that of the popularly established hotels such as Hilton, Shangri La etc. which are the internationally acknowledged hotels. This makes the entry of new hotel(s) and offering a very competitive service with affordable rates extremely difficult. The establishment cost will be over USD 22-50million to gain entry into an already established industry in NY as there will be additional cost overruns. Bargaining power of customers: [HIGH] The hotel industry is a highly competitive environment the bargaining power of the customer is more with the advent of internet (Knowles, 2007). The rates and availability is knowledge driven and accordingly shapes the customer expectation set. There is range of numerous competitors available in the NY market presents a greater challenge. So demographics, availability of services, and other factors is dependant for a hotel to thrive (Kotler et al. 2006). Hence, if in a particular place if the number of hotels is high that have same services and quality then the bargaining power of the customers will also be high. Threat Substitutes: [MEDIUM] Threat of substitutes in the hotel business as there are home stays, BB (bed and breakfast), service apartments in NY that are changing the landscape of this hospitality business. Establishments such as cottage, BB(bread and breakfast) and inn provide similar or standard services to the customer in reasonable price. There has been a sharp increase in the popularity of these substitutes in the last decade as the investor to invest huge capital required for the establishment and maintenance of high budget hotels. Hence presence of close substitutes makes the market more competitive and reduces profitability of renowned hotels. RIVALRY: [HIGH] The rivalry relates to the direct competition the RogerSmith hotel is facing that has revenues as competition, customer base in the given zipcode. It has competition therefore translates to the occupancy in any given day as it directly relates to the revenues (Buhalis, 2008). CRM is effective along with social media that enables two way communications about the offers, and criticisms of services. The competitor analysis also requires doing a marketing audit before instantiating a change management plan in its operations. Ps: RogerSmith hotel, NY The marketing mix deploys the components like product/service, price, promotion and place to maximise the effect on the target market (consumer segment) (Hyde, 2006). Product: The product for RogerSmith hotel is the hotel stay for a specified amount of time, which is a service offering. The product is positioned in the mind of the customers, though the basic amenities at a price point are being evaluated. Price: The dynamic pricing of RogerSmith hotel for any given date is a new concept that is ecommerce enabled. The aggregate demand of rooms in a given day and its supply influences the prices up and down making it dynamic. Promotion: The offers on the self booking done online are discounted while the loyalty bonus and complementary stays are customary gestures which are seasonal for the RogerSmith hotel. Place: The place is the hotel itself as it is location in Manhattan is bound to attract, business travellers, casual vacationers, from US and abroad. There is process, the manner in which RogerSmith hotel offers the service to the guests that is an integrated internal mix of functions comprising of HRM, finance, IT, marketing which makes the service creation possible. The people are the employees who make it the service creation a reality and can do differentiation in the service creation process (Kotorov, 2006). Physical evidence is the brand existence in the particular location which is Manhattan in NY. In order to compete with the competitors RogerSmith hotel the management needs to drive the as is KPIs key performance indicators to be linked to the PMS (performance management systems). This is a vital step to change the culture and embrace change in the service standards. The quality of service needs to be defined in terms of time taken to produce and evaluated by the customer receiving it making it a 360degree approach (Olsen, 2004). The change in customer centric processes in operationalising the hotel needs a unified binding approach which can be value driven. The use of McKinsey 7S is beneficial for the hotel, as The values mentioned in vision, can be propagated into a systems approach, for each staff at various organisational hierarchy levels. Their style of functioning will reflect in their skills which is an element of the corporate business strategy. Conclusion Thus, market structure and competitor analysis are very important in a business plan. Going forward, there can be CRM to keep the tab on the customer base, analyse it for finding trends. Internal marketing with the employees as spokespersons will enable to engage the customer form a bond on emotional plane (Kotorov, 2006). This will help the customers to engage with the service elements, the RogerSmith hotel staff in order to drive the steady occupancy levels. The plan to promote during lean season and undercut the price in the peak season can compensate the RogerSmith hotel revenues. The overall plan of service audits of RogerSmith hotel, market audits therefore will be spread over three months in order to bring in a gradual change in operations in order to boost the marketing functions. References Bowie, D. Buttle, F. (2007) Hospitality Marketing: An Introduction. 5th ed. Oxford: Elsevier. Brotherton, B. (2003) International Hospitality Industry. 5th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Francesco, A. M. Gold, B. A. (2007) International Organisational Behaviour. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Go, F.M. Pine, R. (2008) Globalisation Strategy in the Hotel Industry. 5th ed. London: Routledge. Harrison, J. (2003) Strategic Management of Resources Relationships: Concepts Cases, New York: Wiley. Hooley, G. J., Saunders, J.A. Piercy, N.F. (2008) Marketing Strategy Competitive Positioning. 3rd ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Knowles, T. (2007) Corporate Strategy for Hospitality. 6th ed. Harlow: Longman. Kotler, P., Bowen, J. Makens, J. (2006) Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. (International Edition). 4th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Buhalis, D. (2008). Strategic use of information technologies in the tourism industry, Tourism Management, 19(5), 409-421. Hyde, K. F. (2006). Contemporary Information Search Strategies of Destination-Nave International Vacationers. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 21(2/3), 63-76. Kotorov, R. (2006) Customer relationship management: strategic lessons and future directions. Business Process Management Journal, 9(5), 566-571. Olsen, M. D. (2004) Literature in Strategic Management in the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23, 411-424.

The Convergence of the Computer Graphics and the Moving Image

The concept of new media has thus emerged and entails an amalgamation of two distinct historical paths: computing and media technology (Manovich p.1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Convergence of the Computer Graphics and the Moving Image specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two phenomena have contributed to the emergence of contemporary media technologies that facilitate the storage of sounds, images, image series and text utilizing diverse materials- film stocks, photographic plates, and gramophone documents. Consequently, the conversion of whole still pictures into motion images using computer graphics has been realized (Manovich p.2). The identity of media has transformed significantly over years. The whole new media objects, whether generated from scratch on computers or transformed from analogue media fonts, comprises of digital code. This fact has two vital outcomes: one, new media items can be ill ustrated mathematically. For example, an image can illustrated through a mathematical function; two, new media images can be manipulated using algorithms. For example, by using suitable algorithms, sound can be automatically eliminated from a photo, locate the outlines of the shapes, enhance its contrast, or alter its size. In nutshell, media arts have become programmable. Modularity, also known as fractal structure of new media, is a novel technology used in media arts. Media elements, such as sound, are depicted as sets of discreet sample (Manovich p.2). These elements-sounds, shapes, images or behaviours- are amassed into large scale objects although they preserve their distinct identities. The modular make-up of a media object and the numerical coding of media art enable the computerization of various operations engrossed in media creation, manoeuvring and access.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lea rn More Therefore, human characteristics can be alienated from the creative process to some degree. For instance, Photoshop converts pictures into Van Gogh’s. Currently, media experts are developing what is known as ‘high level’ automation of media design, which will enable a computer to recognize, to a certain level, the language entrenched in the objects being created (Manovich p.2). As the 20th century came to a conclusion, majority of online users were familiar with software that produced human conversation. Researchers at New York University were able to develop practical plays that featured inherent actors. These actors would modify their acts in real-time when a player altered his deeds. The MIT Media Lab designed several diverse projects dedicated to high level computerization of media design and use: a smart camera that, when given a screenplay, mechanically follows the action and structures the shots; ALIVE, a practical environment where the user inte rrelates with animated actors; and a new type of human behaviour. The character, produced by a computer instantaneously, converse with the user via a natural language; it also attempts to deduce the user’s emotional status and to alter the mode of communication appropriately (Manovich p.2). The historical perspective of media art and computer graphics The history of media art is place in a course of the pedigree of the media technology as opposed to art history. For example, in The Automation of Sight: From Photography to Computer Vision, Manovich discusses the innovation of perspective to computer made images. He also consigns this path within a history of automation. The architect of the algorithm which makes perspective reproduction on computer a reality had a noble objective than merely generating a tool for art. The computer should thus be able to render and understand 3-D images via a blueprint of recognition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The C onvergence of the Computer Graphics and the Moving Image specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the project of 3-D computer created images was a component of the project of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the framework of Cold War (Medosch p.27). The field of AI emerged in 1980 via unified practical and theoretical efforts in cybernetics, computer science and biology re-defined as life science. The cybernetic sphere had facilitated the parallelisation of organic and non-organic systems as open and variable processes. Both organic and nonorganic processes can be conceptualized as comprising of changeable components whose features can be devised with respect to communication and theoretical models. This enables life to be integrated with technology (Medosch p.21). Lev Manovich argues that the artistic principles employed in new media art were invented by German and Russian film makers in 1920. For example, the film ‘The M an with a Movie Camera, can be used as a blueprint to understand the language of new media art (Medosch p.28). According to Manovich, computers are interactive by their design and he argues further that all forms of media art are interactive in principle. His thesis essentially dismisses interactivity as a field synonymous with media art. By ignoring interactivity and establishing the screen as the key feature of new media art, Manovich posit that Russian avant-garde movies established the groundwork for media art. He seems to propose that artistic innovation stopped over 70 years ago. The innovative strategies in the 1920s of zooms, pans, montage, and of the unshackled and accelerated kino-eye have turned out to be the list of options in Photoshop. The U.S. software designers are merely offering the public with watered-down menu access to the artistic innovation of the early 1920s (Medosch p.29).Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Batchen Geoffrey censures Manovich for using cinema as the main conceptual lens via which the language of new media is addressed, overlooking the historical development of telegraphy and photography. The exploit of 35mm rejected motion picture by Zuse, the German architect of the computer, is sufficient proof for Manovich to accept the fact that the entire present media transformed into numerical data available for the computer (Medosch p.29). Batchen states that â€Å"the plausibility of this particular historical metaphor depends on two particular claims: 1, that computing and photo-media have no interaction until the 1930s and 2, that cinema is the key to any understanding of the forms and development of new media† (Medosch p.29). Batchen’s account demonstrates the close relationship of the histories of telegraphy, photography and computer. According to Medosch, four interconnected technologies and their conceptual tools-mechanical weaving, photography, photo-mechan ical printing and computing-were initially envisaged in the 19th century and thus must be comprehended with respect to modernity, which implies industrialism, patriarchy and colonialism (p.29). Medosch claim that Cubist, Futurist, Cub futurist, Dadaist and supremacist were the theoretical forerunners of media art. The new media art form that emerged after World War II- Fluxus, Pop Art, action painting, performances and actions- were employed as media platforms to set the centre stage for the liberated digital image (p.30). However, Christine Paul contradicts this assertion by alleging that the concept of interactivity and virtuality in media art were discovered by artists such as Marcel Duchamp with respect to objects and their optical effects. Paul posits that the contribution of Duchamp was highly influential within the sphere of digital art due to a transformation from object to concept. She devises a lineage of digital art that differs from Manovich’s by laying emphasis o n the effect of Duchamp through an OULIPO, French writers to conceptual art. The conceptual connection here is that OULIPO writers, Duchamp and Fluxus artists habitually generated art works that were grounded on the implementation of a set of rules, which are comparable to computer algorithm. This observation is augmented by Peter Suchin who asserted that the nature of art in1960, amassed under the shared heading of Conceptual art is a vital determinant of the contemporary new media art practises. Other conceptual connections between art activities in the past and the current media art centred on the exhibition Cybernetic Serendipity, at the ICA, London in 1968. On the contrary, there is no connection between the emergence of cybernetic art in 1960 and its resurfacing in980. Moreover, there is minimal connection Burnham’s Software Art show and the software art in 2005 (Medosch p.30). Distinctive features of new media art: The principle of variability One distinctive feature o f new media art is that it can be expressed in diverse unlimited versions due to the effects of modular structure of the object and numerical coding of media. Previous cinema involved computer experts who manually assembled optical, documentary and audio features into a logical sequence. New media art, in contrast has an element of changeability that enable media objects to generate several versions. Instead of being generated entirely by humans, these versions are usually amassed in part by a computer. Therefore, the principle of changeability is highly related to automation. Variability would also not be feasible in the absence of modularity. Media elements preserve their distinct features and can be amassed in to several series under program control. Moreover, since the elements are split into concrete samples- for example, an image is displayed as an assortment of pixels), they can be generated and modified on the fly (Manovich p.3). Thus, the principle of variability is vital i n that it allows the combination of numerous critical features of new media that may appear unconnected at first sight. Specifically, popular new media compositions such as interactivity, branching and hypermedia can be viewed as examples of the principle of variability. For instance, during branching interactivity, the user ascertains the sequence in which elements are accessed. This is the easiest type of interactivity. The complex types are also likely where the structure and elements of the object are altered or produced on the fly in reaction to the user’s interface with a program (Manovich p.4). The selection of ready-made elements to form part of the content of a new media object is merely one facet of the ‘logic of selection’. As the designer develops the object, he also naturally selects and uses a number of filters and ‘effects’. All these filters, whether altering image facade, generating a conversion between moving images, or using a filt er to a piece of music, entail algorithmic alteration of the present media object or its components (Manovich p.7). The technological shift from a material object to a signal achieved by electronic technologies signalled a fundamental conceptual move towards computer media. The phrase ‘digital compositing’-commonly used in the area of new media- is defined as the process of merging a series of moving images and possibly still pictures, into a solo series with the aid of special compositing software for example Cineon (Kodak), Adobe (After Effects) and Wave front (Compositor). Digital compositing signifies a common operation of computer culture- amassing several elements to generate a distinct seamless object. Thus, it is feasible to discriminate compositing in the general sense from compositing in limited way by accumulating motion pictures to produce moving images (Manovich p.8). The link between the artistic of postmodernism and the operation of selection is related t o compositing. These two processes concurrently facilitate the current practise of quotation and pastiche. One function is used to choose styles and elements from the database of culture while the other is used to amass them into new objects. The basis of the postmodern artistic in 1980s and the rationale of the computer based compositing in 1990s are dissimilar. For example, in 1980s, the past references and media quotes were preserved as separate elements and boundaries between elements were defined aptly. This aesthetic matched the early digital and electronic tools of the era, for example, DVE, keyers, video switchers and computer graphics cards with a restricted colour resolution. These tools allowed hard-edge copy and paste operations but not silky, multilayer composites (Manovich p.8). The use of computer graphics to generate special effects The contemporary proliferation of special effects in Hollywood film industry has brought about the age of digital revolution. Digital te chnology has been praised as a revolutionary phenomenon in the history of media arts. A cursory analysis of media technology shows that substantial research is devoted the social, economic and political effects of the virtual reality, internet, and other types of new media. For example, the use of computer graphics in Avatar has taken cinema industry to new heights of technological innovations, especially in the IMAX 3D. Cameron, the director of Avatar, employed game-changing special effects. For instance, in The Abyss, the producers developed whole digital 3-dimensional effects in the movie. In Judgement Day, the producer created digital characters with human traits that had practical movement while in Titanic; unique effects were generated using modern computer technologies to create an impression of a large mass of water (Eisenberg p.2). In the same manner we cannot indulge in a discussion about suspense without referring to Hitchcock, we cannot discuss the evolution of computer graphics without talking about Tron Legacy. While Hitchcock pioneered the use of animated 3D CGI, Tron Legacy used new technology comprehensively, including more than 10 minutes of totally computer generated images. In the Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan (1982), the movie director was able to create black holes using green lines and arcs. Next, the computers were able to replicate millions of year’s value of planetary evolution in a short span of time. This special effect was developed by Lucas Film’s Computer Graphic department and involved the use of microscope to create minute features of the movie, especially with regard to the placing of stars as observed from the camera’s viewpoint, light-years away. The landscape is also the first time in cinema industry where a fractal generated scene was employed to simulate practical landscape (Eisenberg p.4). In the movie The Matrix (1999), the producers were able to use numerous cameras placed on an arc around the scene (also called green screen). The cameras were synchronized to generate the appearance of slow motion. Although this effect was employed previously in Blade, it was the application of interpolation software that enabled the Wachskis to slot in CGI outlines that made the motion extremely fluid. In the movie Lord of the Rings Trilogy (2001), the producers employed A.I. to create digitalized movie characters. One of the special effect was the movie’s colossal orc army. It is obvious that the producers could not have employed over 99,000 extras required to bulk up the army’s ranks; instead, they created digital orcs with brains. By employing a computer software known as MASSIVE (Multiple Agent Simulation System in Virtual Environment), the producer was able to generate thousands of orcs at no cost (Eisenberg p.6). In ‘The Legible City’ by Shaw Jeffery, the user takes a ride on a domestic trainer bicycle and goes through a 3-D city of words and sentences display ed before him. The structural design is based on real cityscapes in which the shape and size of letters matches with those of buildings. In the Manhattan edition (1989) the manuscript tell over seven different narratives, from ex- mayor Koch to Donald Trump to a cab driver. The piece is said to ascertain an express relation between real and abstract city whereby the textual element of the city virtually deciphers the features of hypertext and hypermedia into structural design where readers create their own story by selecting paths via the non hierarchical text warren. The art work thus shows post modern theories about textuality and offers user a first hand of cyberspace. In the ‘The Legible City’, the planet is viewed as text, a proposition that has been propagated by post modern philosophers (Medosch p.36). Machinima movies-the creation of animated movies in real time via the use of computer game technology-have altered game play via performance, subversion, spectator ship, and modification. The manner in which previous machinima projects described the unification of animation; filmmaking and game development has been enlightening. They definitely educate us something concerning the impact of advancement in game technology and computer graphics (Lowood p.1). The phrase ‘machinima’ was taken from ‘machine cinema’. It thus implies the creation of animated movies in real-time by using a special software to design and play computer games. The game creators’ uses software called game engines to control complex real-time graphics, camera views, lighting and other facets of their game. Games are interactive; pre-rendered computer graphics has narrow use in software that must instantly respond and reshape the screen in response to player action (Silva p.3). Games such as first person shooters increase the stakes of this technological challenge. In order to plunge the player in the swift action of the game, the virtual env ironment must be rendered in 3-D format from the user’s viewpoint, constantly, doing so at high frame-rates as the user moves through that space. Ever since 1990s, specific software and hardware solutions have been used to create these views on the fly (real-time). Machinima creators have discovered ways to re-deploy this intricate software for producing movies, relying on their knowledge of the games and game software. Starting as players, they discovered that they could convert themselves into directors, actors and even cameras to generate these animated movies cheaply on a personal computers employed to frag friends and monsters in Quake or Doom. Of late, as machinima develop artistically and technically, the inventors are now focussing on how to use the technology efficiently to generate animated films that compete with digital frame-based methods (Silva p.3). Throughout the 20th century, the conceptualization of 19th century insinuation of what would emerge later as comp uting machinery was basically not documented. Other than electronic arts and IT disciplines, there was obviously little interest with regards to the development of computer based art. However, the interface between computing and arts began to emerge, from the period John Whitney used analogue computer to create animation in 1958 to Edward Zajac’s computer made movie five years later. The combination of media art and computer graphics was more prominent in the 1990s. However, its significant progress was evident as a result of a richer and extensive durability of technology and media art. The concept of amalgamating electro-mechanical processes with fine and applied arts and architecture liberated the theory of an idiosyncratic contemporary and homogenous tradition based on the complex relationship between human and machine, science and art (popper p.11). Complementing its substantial retrospective, Phantasmagoria included latest work by new media artists Toshio Iwai and Agnes Hegedus and places their contribution within the spectacle and magic of Melies pioneering films. As a matter of fact, Callas and Watson noted that the creative contributions of these new media artists revitalize admiration and delight experienced by the initial movie audience in Melies ‘magic movie’. If early movie was a historical perspective in which it was appropriate to situate these modern artists operating with interactive media, it was also manifest to both Watson and Callas that if Melies was alive today, he would not fail to adopt the digital pleasure offered by computer graphics and virtual reality (Hughes p.6). The convergence of media arts and computer technology has played a significant role in the advancement of film industry, especially with respect to motion pictures. The ability to use computer graphics to generate special effects as seen in movies such as Avatar, Troy and Lords of the Rings have taken the cinema industry to unprecedented level. The ga me creators’ have used special software called game engines to control complex real-time graphics, camera views, lighting and other facets of their game. So as we sit back to enjoy watching animated characters in a movie, we should remember that the major achievements seen in the media arts industry is due to computerisation of the processes involved in creating moving image. Works Cited Eisenberg, Eric. How Avatar Happened: Light cycles and Giant Lizards on the path to  Innovation. Dec 15 2009. Web. www.cinemablend.com/†¦/How-Avatar-Happened-Lightcycles-And-Giant- Lizards-On-The-Path-To-Innovation-16162.htm Hughes, Robert. The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change. London: BBC Publishing, 1993. Print Manovich, Lev. The Language of New Media. New York: The MIT Press, 2001. Print Medosch, Armin. Technological Determinism in Media Art. Sussex: Sussex University, 2005. Print Lowood, Henry. â€Å"High-Performance Play.† The Making of Machinima. Stanford: S tanford University. Popper, Francis. Art of the Electronic Age. London: Thames Hudson, 1993. Silva, Michelle. Digital Alchemy; Matter and Metarphosis in Contemporary Digital Animation and Interface Design. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2005. This essay on The Convergence of the Computer Graphics and the Moving Image was written and submitted by user Alanna Ratliff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.