English people versus American people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English people versus American people - Essay Example The United States is made up of many sub cultures and values within sub cultures vary from region to region which is not true in the case of Britain. The British hold a more conservative approach to their lifestyles and a common set of values prevails over the entire country making it and its people less receptive to outsiders and alien ideas. Furthermore, the British also have a more conservative immigration policy for outsiders to come to the country either to visit or settle with the natives of the land. On the contrary, America has shown more flexibility to its naturalization process and immigration is actually supported by the system- making it a land of opportunity for all. Moreover, people in Britain are linked with their heritage and location as where they are from and where their ancestors have been linked to. This creates a strong internal discrimination among themselves and has developed a class system within the country. Anywere starting from linkage to the royalty to the lords of the land, people feel pride in their heritage to an extent where hey actually discriminate their values over others living within the country and not belonging to the same level or maybe higher to their lineage (Denning, 1996). Equality among people in Britain has suffered where no two classes are treated equally between the circles and this difference is clearly visible when comparing the labour over different industries. A coal miner does not get the same respect as a restaurant waiter. A manager in a big corporation feels and shows his elevated grace to a manager in a small firm. In the contrast, the American system of the society, though may at times be unjust, but is more liberal in the concept of equality (Christopher, 1999). Human Rights are made into laws and discrimination is discouraged by implementing legislations that enact to support equality and discourage gender or race discrimination. With equality of

Virtual reality environments for geographic visualisation Essay Example for Free

Virtual reality environments for geographic visualisation Essay Today a wide variety of virtual worlds, cities and gaming environments exist and become part of life of their human inhabitants (Borner et al 2005). Navigation is playing an increasingly important role in virtual environments (VE). Today virtual worlds are very large and present challenging navigation tasks. According to MacEachren et al (1999), virtual environment (VE) technologies have considerable potential to extend the power of information visualization methods, and those of scientific visualization more broadly. Ruddle (1996) assertion of â€Å"one in three people get lost in virtual environment† is true due to lack of knowledge but is possible to roam and explore these geographic environments. Previous work have been done to develop tools that generate visualisations of user and environment interaction for social navigation, monitor, study, and research virtual worlds and their evolving landscapes. Visualization and navigation in virtual environments The geovisualization of virtual environments use of 3D display and thus has the potential to depict the three geographic dimensions of real spaces with each dimension of the display space depicting a geographic dimension (MacEachren et al, 1999). There is progress and developments in research and applications in this field. A lot has been developed, for example, Lahav and Mioduser (2003) developed and researched a multisensory virtual environment simulating spaces in real-life. Chen and Stanney (1999) came up with theoretical models of wayfinding, used to guide the design of navigational aiding in virtual environments. Galyean (2006) immersed VR experience with the advantages of narrative structure to allow smooth and continuous interaction and presentation with the structural and temporal qualities. Ruddle et al (1997). Tsai-Yen Li et al (2008) also developed a real-time camera control module for navigation in virtual environments. The wayfinding process has embraced cognitive mapping, wayfinding plan development, and physical movement or navigation through a virtual environment. Virtual environment navigation has evolved drastically from archaic to post-modern tools. There have been developments in virtual simulation of urban and rural environments using both traditional cartographic methods and modern geo-information technologies such as Google earth and fly-through movies. The recent developments in the use of satellite imagery, Digital Elevation Models and Aerial Photographs have led to new lead large scale movies and virtual reality navigation processes. The coming of these 3D geographic information systems (GIS) is fundamental for synoptic vie and virtual terrain recognition. Augmented reality as part of emerging concept allows live direct view of a physical real-world environment whose elements are augmented by virtual. It is related to a more general concept called mediated reality in which a view of reality is modified and its augmentation is conventionally in semantic context with environmental elements. A Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE) is a multi-user shared, intelligent, virtual environment representing the real geographic environment to conduct geospatial analysis, carry our geovisualization, to support collaborative work, planning and decision making. According to Hui and Zhu (2004), virtual geographic environments consist of five types of space, namely; geographic data spaces, network spaces, multidimensional presentation spaces, social spaces and sensory/perceptual spaces. These virtual spaces make VGE different from the traditional virtual reality space associated with unrealistic expectations. VGE is equated with reality by making the spaces continuous and coextensive. Nguyen et al (2009) carried out various experiments to investigate effects of scale changes on distance perception in virtual environments. The rural and natural environments basically involved use of existing natural linear features and landmarks such as roads, cliffs and rivers to navigate. The new paradigm shifts (Joseph et al 2001), have tremendously tacked the issue of scale especially on global views. The traditional experiences were profound and thus these new innovations have proved successful. For example, Vinson (1999) designed guidelines to ease navigation in large-scale virtual environments. The guidelines focus on the design and placement of landmarks in virtual environments. The distinct features and landmarks represented various areas like buildings, petrol stations and corners to direct the navigation process along a designated navigation route. This limits the audience’s movement through the space to interesting and compelling paths. According to Ruddle (1996), examples of interface fidelity include the lack of physical movement that is required to travel around VEs and the impoverished field of view. Important factors of environment fidelity and precision include the amount of visual detail and the omission of non-visual sensory information. The virtual reality world has become interested in large scale spatial cognitive simulation. This takes a role of an environments physical form and how the design of a setting shapes the spatial behavior and cognition of its users. It largely puts into consideration numerous forms of spatial information: real-world environments, virtual environments, maps, route directions, gestures, and both written and spoken descriptions (Mekni and Moulin Mekni (2008). Sensor Webs are deployed in large scale geographic environments for in-situ sensing and data acquisition purposes, a perfect example of a dramatic solution to large scale simulation and virtual reality representation. Conclusion Advances in human-computer interaction have created completely new paradigms shifts for exploring and presentation spatial information in a virtual environment, with flexible user control. Hence, more intuitive and efficient interactive visualization environments become increasingly significant for the visual exploration of large amounts of extensive spatio-temporal information both at small scale and large scale. There is special focus on new geographic and cartographic applications which involve experts and users in the context of data visualization in real virtual environments. They are mainly developed to aid visualization in a natural extension of communication and functions in the visual thinking domain. References Bishop, I. D. , and C. Karadaglis. 1994. Use of interactive immersive visualization techniques for natural resources management. SPIE 2656:128-139. Borner, K. , Penumarthy, S. , DeVarco, B. J. , and Kerney, C. 2005. Visualizing Social Patterns in Virtual Environments on a Local and Global Scale. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Volume 3081. ISBN 978-3-540-25331-0 Fisher, P. 1994. Randomization and sound for the visualization of uncertain spatial information, in Visualization in Geographic Information Systems. Edited by D. Unwin and H. Hearnshaw, pp. 181-185. London: John Wiley Sons. Chen, J. L, and Stanney, K. M. 1999. A Theoretical Model of Wayfinding in Virtual Environments: Proposed Strategies for Navigational Aiding. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Vol. 8, No. 6, Pages 671-685 Galyean T. A. , 2006. Guided Navigation of Virtual Environments. MIT Media Lab. Cambridge, MA. 02139 Hui L and Zhu Q. , 2004. Data Visualization: Virtual Geographic Environments combining AEC and GIS. Extracted from http://www. directionsmag. com/article. php? Joseph J. LaViola Jr. Daniel Acevedo Feliz Daniel F. Keefe Robert C. Zeleznik(2001) Hands-Free Multi-Scale Navigation in Virtual Environments. Brown University. Department of Computer Science, Box 1910. Providence, RI 02912 Lahav, O. and Mioduser, D. 2003. 6A blind persons cognitive mapping of new spaces using a haptic virtual environment. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs. Volume 3. Issue 3, Pages 172 177 MacEachren, A. M. , Edsall, R. , Haug, D. , and Ryan B. , 1999. Virtual Environments for Geographic Visualization: Potential and Challenges. Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on New Paradigms for Information Visualization and Manipulation, Kansas City, Nov. 6, 1999. MacEachren, A. M. , D. Haug, L. Quian, G. Otto, R. Edsall, and M. Harrower. 1998b. Geographic visualization in immersive environments. GeoVISTA Center, Penn State University, www. geovista. psu. edu/publications/i2. pdf. Mekni, M. and Moulin, B. 2008. A Multi-agent Geosimulation Approach for Sensor Web Management. Proceedings in Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2008. SENSORCOMM 08. Second International Conference on Sensor Web Management. Dept. of Comput. Sci. Software Eng. , Laval Univ. Quebec, Quebec City, QC ISBN: 978-0-7695-3330-8 Nguyen, T. D. , Ziemer, C. J. , Plumert, J. M. , Cremer, J. F. , and Kearney, J. K. 2009. Effects of scale change on distance perception in virtual environments. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization. ACM New York, NY, USA. Pages: 27-34. ISBN:978-1-60558-743-1 Rhyne, T. -M. , and T. Fowler. 1996. Examining dynamically linked geographic visualization. Computing in Environmental Resource Management, Research Triangle Park, NC, Dec. 2-4, 1996, pp. 571-573. Ruddle, R. A. 1996. Navigation: Am I really lost or virtually there? In D. Harris (Ed. ) Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics. Vol. 6, 135-142. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. Ruddle, R. A. , Payne, S. J. Jones, D. M. 1997. ‘Navigating buildings in â€Å"desk-top† virtual environments: Experimental investigations using extended navigational experience’. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Vol. 3, pp. 143-159. Tsai-Yen Li and Chung-Chiang Cheng 2008. Real-Time Camera Planning for Navigation in Virtual Environments. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin. Vol 5166. Pages118-129. ISBN978-3-540-85410-4 Vinson, N. G. 1999. Design Guidelines for Landmarks to Support Navigation in Virtual Environments. Proceedings of CHI ‘99, Pittsburgh, PA. May 1999† Institute for Information Technology. National Research Council, Canada. Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6

Software Patents Must be Eliminated :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Software Patents Must be Eliminated Software patents threaten to devastate America's computer industry. Patents granted in the past decade are now being used to attack companies such as the Lotus Development Corporation for selling programs that they have independently developed. Soon new companies will often be barred from the software arena--most major programs will require licenses for dozens of patents, and this will make them infeasible. This problem has only one solution: software patents must be eliminated. The Patent System and Computer Programs The framers of the United States Constitution established the patent system so that inventors would have an incentive to share their inventions with the general public. In exchange for divulging an invention, the patent grants the inventor a 17 year monopoly on its use. The patent holder can license others to use the invention, but may also refuse to do so. Independent reinvention of the same technique by others does not give them the right to use it. Patents do not cover specific systems: instead, they cover particular techniques that can be used to build systems, or particular features that systems can offer. Once a technique or feature is patented, it may not be used in a system without the permission of the patent-holder--even if it is implemented in a different way. Since a computer program typically uses many techniques and provides many features, it can infringe many patents at once. Until recently, patents were not used in the software field. Software developers copyrighted individual programs or made them trade secrets. Copyright was traditionally understood to cover the implementation details of a particular program; it did not cover the features of the program, or the general methods used. And trade secrecy, by definition, could not prohibit any development work by someone who did not know the secret. On this basis, software development was extremely profitable, and received considerable investment, without any prohibition on independent software development. But this scheme of things is no more. A change in U.S. government policy in the early 1980's stimulated a flood of applications. Now many have been approved, and the rate is accelerating. Many programmers are unaware of the change and do not appreciate the magnitude of its effects. Today the lawsuits are just beginning. Absurd Patents The Patent Office and the courts have had a difficult time with computer software. The Patent Office refused until recently to hire Computer Science graduates as examiners, and in any case does not offer competitive salaries for the field.

Modernist Poetry Doesnt Communicate With Society English Literature Essay

Modernist poets, or in that instance all modernists minds, philosophers and creative persons, ignores the societal order to some extent. They do non do any effort to speak to or pass on with the society, but really revolutionises the thought of art in the domain of the societal thoughts. In simpler words, Modernist philosophers do non follow the society, like its predecessors and it inquiries the easy accepted truth of the old age. In the late 19th century, in the aftermath of the to the full industrialized western universe with its new economic, societal and political construction, traditional projection and reading of art and civilization lost at least some of its importance. Following the old norms was nil but a return of what has already been talked of and achieved for the poets, minds and creative persons. To accomplish something new, they had to rehearse a signifier which was more individualized and yet obscure in its look. But that nevertheless do non reply the point of our treatment as to how or why the deficiency of communicativeness between the poet and the reader occurs in the 19th century western universe. With the popularity of the printing imperativeness, literature was no longer confined to the higher strata of the society. With this development in the history of printing, writers and poets found themselves traveling off from their audience. The opportunity or the impulse to interact straight with the multitudes decreased with the flow of clip until the clip when there is no effort to speak to or pass on with the society. The modernist poet ever lives in isolation from the existent universe while seeking to convey his/her individualized points of position. But for the reader, the same verse form can keep different reading at different clip and infinite. For case Emily Dickinson, the modernist American poet, published less than a twelve of her about 18 100 verse forms during her life-time. It was merely after 1886, after her decease, when her cache of verse forms were discovered by her younger sister Lavinia, that the comprehensiveness of Emily Dickinson ‘s verse form became ev ident. Emily Dickinson, merely like the other modernist poets, was alienated from the society. As a poet she could n't associate to the community, she was populating in, and the society in bend could n't associate to her verse forms, when they were published. Hence, during her life-time, the few verse forms which were published were to a great extent edited and altered harmonizing to the caprices and wants of the publishing house in order to model them in regard to the bing societal norms. Dickinson was obsessed by ‘death ‘ and has immortalised the construct of ‘death ‘ in her poesy. In one of her ignoble verse form, she seemed to hold related with ‘death ‘ and to some extent has personified the construct. â€Å" BECAUSE I could non halt for Death, He kindly stopped for me ; The passenger car held but merely ourselves And Immortality. † ( Dickinson ) The imagination that has been projected through the above mentioned Dickinson ‘s verse form is unconventional and to some extent radical. In the late 19th century America, fewer poets would ‘ve showed the bravery to oppugn the conventional beliefs sing ‘life ‘ and ‘death ‘ . Harmonizing to the above mentioned lines, ‘death ‘ to her is ‘immortal ‘ . In another verse form she states, â€Å" I DIED for beauty, but was scarce Adjusted in the grave, When 1 who died for truth was lain In an adjoining room. He questioned quietly why I failed? â€Å" For beauty, † I replied. â€Å" And I for truth, -the two are one ; We brethren are, † he said. And so, as kinsmen met a dark, We talked between the room, Until the moss had reached our lips, And covered up our names. ( Dickinson ) The imagination that is produced by the verse form is quite unconventional. Death has been beautified, glorified and celebrated by the poet in above mentioned verse form. Death has been a really of import subject for the modernist poets. Through their daring symbolism and representation of thoughts, subjects like depression, devastation, Hell and decease has ever been a really popular point of treatment among the modernist poets like Robert Frost, T.S. Elliot and of class Emily Dickinson. In T.S. Elliot ‘s â€Å" The Hollow Men † , the poet concludes the verse form by saying, â€Å" This is the manner the universe ends This is the manner the universe ends This is the manner the universe ends Not with a knock but a whine. † ( Elliot ) To the modernist poets, the abrasiveness of the existent universe was intolerable and hence from an stray infinite, the poet represents the inhuman treatment of the existent universe through his/her ain linguistic communication, non seeking to explicate everything. The reading nevertheless is left entirely on the reader and the poet does non even do an attempt to link with the readership or the society. Modernity can be said to unify all world in a self-contradictory integrity of disunity. Harmonizing to Marshall Berman, â€Å" It pours us into a whirlpool of ageless decomposition and reclamation of battle and contradiction, of ambiguity and torment. To be modern is to be a portion of a existence in which, as Marx said, ‘all that is solid thaws into air. ‘ † ( Berman ) . Modern authors have agreed to the fact that the lone unafraid thing about modernness is its insecurity. The lines of W.B. Yeats ‘ â€Å" The Second Coming † resonates a similar sense, â€Å" Thingss fall apart ; the Centre can non keep ; Mere lawlessness is loosed upon the universe, † ( Yeats ) The passing and the delicate nature of the age is possibly the most popular line of reading for the above two lines. The ideas of the Enlightenment minds, to cultivate nonsubjective scientific discipline, corporate morality and jurisprudence, were drawn to roll up with the cognition of many single free minds, to develop the miscellaneous doctrine of human release and the enrichment of the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Science and Technology promised an age devoid of scarceness and want. Rational signifiers of societal apprehension erased the bing unreasons of myth, phantasy, faith and superstitious notion. Traditional metaphoric representation of the ‘word ‘ was replaced by a more obscure imagination, which each and every reader can construe harmonizing to his/her apprehension of the ‘word ‘ . Surrealism, Dadaism and Cubism became a portion of the bigger image of Modernist art, literature and poesy. In another verse form of Emily Dickinson, she states, â€Å" Fame is a bee. It has a song- It has a sting- Ah, excessively, it has a wing. † ( Dickinson ) Here ‘fame ‘ is compared with a ‘bee ‘ , an unconventional representation merely as Charles Baudelaire compares ‘flowers ‘ with ‘evil ‘ in â€Å" Fleur du Mal † ( Flowers of Evil ) . These metaphoric representations of the ‘word ‘ was new to the age and was absent in the old enlightened western age of literature and art. A individual line which possibly can be the easiest guide line of looking at modernist poesy is expressed by Archibald MacLeish in his â€Å" Ars Poetica † , â€Å" A verse form should non intend, but be † . ( MacLeish ) . The primary difference between a Romantic text and a Modernist text is that a Modernist text imitates guesss and readings. The elans after each line of Emily Dickinson ‘s verse forms are perchance placed to supply the reader a infinite for contemplation and retrospection. A Romantic text, on the other manus, invites battle. Emily Dickinson ‘s â€Å" Fame is a bee†¦ † is a verse form that may look simple and shallow, but if one Judgess the construct of celebrity in the late 19th century, he/she is bound to look up to the simpleness of the technique in which the blunt passing nature and the frailties of celebrity is projected through the seemingly showy and musical drape of popularity. â€Å" The Second Coming † by W.B. Yeats is another fantastic work of Modernist poesy. The poet uses a dark scene to specify a clip when the universe is near a disclosure. The verse form depends on the cognition of a certain Christian belief. It is a antic look of the clip in which it was written. It provides us with a image of the First World War in Europe where, â€Å" Mere lawlessness is loosed upon the universe. † Stuning imagination of terrorizing linguistic communication, where poesy is no more depended on linguistic communication, but linguistic communication comes out of poesy. Yeats ‘ womb-to-tomb captivation of the supernatural and occult was lyrically manifested in this verse form. The significance of the ‘gyre ‘ is an equivocal one. It can be a historical period or the psychological stages of an person ‘s development. The personal imagination of the ‘gyre ‘ insinuates at the Hegelian construct of coiling history. The verse form is really in loose iambic pentameter, really much closer to the free poetry. The rhyming is haphazard. These dogmas were the trumpeters of the coming of Modernist poesy. In modernist poesy, the several poet does non care to explicate or construe their ain verse forms. It is something prohibited for them. The distance between the reader and the poet is big and there is no effort nevertheless to pass on between the two.

Lady Anne Essay

In Richard the third, there are many different female characters that are put in contrast to men. The audience is aware of their presence and effect on the men in the play. In this essay the four main female characters will have a character analysis and viewing scenes when women overcome men or either the men make them look vulnerable. The traditional view of men was that they were Dominant, strong, brave, owner and Lord of all that he possessed. The traditional view of women was the object of possession, weak, obedient and homely. They were taught to stay at home, cook for the husband and bring up the children, also to generally do everything in her power to look beautiful for her husband. Men were expected to go out and work, to bring in money to bring up his family, to treat his wife as he saw fit and to be the master of the house. Shakespeare’s time is actually different to Richard the thirds time, however the view on women is still the same. However, ironically some of the strongest monarchs that England has seen have been women. This shows that although times change, women can still prove to be just as strong as the men. Such as, Bodica who lead her Viking troops into war and defeated the Romans many times. Elizabeth the first was also a very strong monarch in Shakespeare’s time. That time was a patriarchal society, so men, who could influence the characters in Richard the third, dominated it. Women are seen as the victims. However, the longest reigning monarch is Victoria who reigned for 60 years. This demonstrates long life, strength in war and battle, and also strength of mind in many situations. Shakespeare’s female characters have been demonstrated as weak. Such as Lady Macbeth. When she knows she has to murder another human, she calls â€Å"unsex me now†, which would demonstrate her needing to lose her traditional feminine self and caring characteristics to enable her to do such a deed. She has been subverted to the patriarchal society. Another female character that Shakespeare’s written of, is Hero in Much ado about nothing. She plays a weak character that the male villains set up a plot against her in front of her betrothed and other male witnesses. The plot is then announced in front of her whole family and household. She is disgraced and Claudio will not marry her. In order to prove her innocence, she has to deceive all of her household until her innocence is found when she can truly step back into society. However, a very strong character is shown in the same play. Beatrice is a strong minded, outspoken and somewhat swaggering. Especially in her responses when Benedict challenges her, a male character that mirrors her perfectly. If the play were not set in such a loving family environment, she would not be accepted as an honorable wife or possession. How the story ends is her strong character is just a front, and she loses it when she falls in love with her reflective character, as she does not feel threatened anymore. In Richard the third, there are many female characters that reflect Shakespeare’s views on females. The first character analysis is of Lady Anne: She is a woman in control and shows this in the first sexual scene when Richard seduces her. She is shown up at first as weak. She is walking behind the coffin of her dead father; this shows that the strong male in her life is no longer there to support her. She is also in mourning and very vulnerable as she could be bewildered about her emotions. Richard knows this and so he makes sure it is used to his advantage. Everything he says to try and woe her though, she throws back at him. Line 50 Act 1 scene2 â€Å"Foul devil [†¦ ] trouble us not† and on Line 70 â€Å"villain, [†¦ ] no beast so fierce. These are insults thrown at Richard to make it seem like she does not care for his compliments and this male character will not knock her down. She represents female characters as strong in this scene, even if it is just a front to protect her from the exposed position she finds herself in. However, Richard always replies with a compliment in order to woe her and targets her vanity. This works and she shows that she is helpless when she is flattered by comments like†¦ Line 49 act 1 scene 2 â€Å"Sweet saint [†¦ ] be not so curst. † Here, Richard is deluding her whilst aiming at her weakness as he does with each of his victims in different ways. The significance that she is a woman is important because it demonstrates her as being a specific target that he is weakening.