Worksheets School And Kindergarten Classroom - 2599 Words

Worksheets v. Play in the Classroom Jayla Reid English 4 Honors Mr. Wilson Period 6 February 27, 2017 Worksheets in the preschool and kindergarten classroom are not developmentally appropriate practices and should be replaced quite often with play. Play is also considered as â€Å"hands-on-activities.† In order for a practice to be considered developmentally appropriate, it must be up to par in three categories. These categories are: age, culture, and individual appropriateness. Worksheets are not developmentally appropriate in any category nor age group. Specifically preschool and kindergarten. They are instruments used to pass time and serve as busy work. They do not promote nor maximize learning in any fashion. Worksheets are†¦show more content†¦Some decided to branch off, while others directly followed her trail. While some worked after her, there was a theorist who worked closely with her while she was alive. Jean Piaget and Sara Smilansky together developed what they felt were the three categories of play. They were as listed: Sensorimotor play in which the chi ldren uses their sensorimotor skills to explore their surroundings, symbolic play in which the children use symbols to represent another object or thing, and games with rules in which children play and are able to follow as well as comprehend rules, understanding that there are certain rules for how certain things are played. From these categories, sociodramatic play is where Smilansky took her research to another level, developing the previous listed components of her theory. Beginning with functional play, this is important to have a setting dedicated to this form of play. According to researchers, Smilansky stated that functional play is using repetition in physical actions, language, and manipulation of objects, based on the need for physical activity. Functional play develops motor responses as well as both gross and fine motor skills. In the areas of learning through the manipulation of play, there should be â€Å"games† such as beanbag toss. In this the child can manip ulate the beanbag, using their gross motor skills in which improving them. Stacking blocks is another way to achieve the outcome ofShow MoreRelatedA Presentation Of The Rationale For The Qualitative Case Study Approach1659 Words   |  7 Pagespresentation of the rationale for the qualitative case study approach. Next, I will present the participant selection criteria, the design of the study, and the methods of the data collection which will include the two interviews (first and follow-up), classroom observation, videotaping the participant during instruction, and document data collection. I will also discuss the strategies I will be using to enhance the trustworthiness of the study. At the end of this chapter, I will explain the methods ofRead MoreTeacher Interview And Observation Of A Kindergarten Math Lesson Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesteaching were at an inner city school in Los Angeles, where she said, â€Å"I was the only white person there.† For the last eigh teen years she has been teaching a variety of grade levels at Aurthur Hapgood Elementary in Lompoc, current she teaches kindergarten. As I work at the same school as Mrs. Grill, I interview her almost daily, for the purpose of this paper the majority of the interview was completed two days before the observation. The formal observation of a kindergarten math lesson occurred on FridayRead MoreHow Educators Use Assessments Within Their Classroom Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesaddress concerns or areas that need improvement, with concepts like instruction, in order to help students reach full academic potential within the classroom. To acquire additional information pertaining to how educators use assessments within their classroom, I interviewed Mrs. Beth Vondran, an Kindergarten educator at St. Mary’s East Primary School in St. Mary’s Ohio. Mrs. Vondran is currently in her 29th year of education and has years of experience using assessments to monitor academic studen tRead MoreMy Experience With A Student s Field Experience825 Words   |  4 Pagesemail to see what you sent. And that is why I just am beginning for my worksheet, now, I am trying to find video relate to topic as behavior, and I still keep going to watch â€Å"Back-to-School Countdown: How to Build Classroom Culture† Sarah Brown Wessling† at number 10, and find some videos about behavior, I do not do work sheet follow order, I plan to find some behavior videos first, I think it easy to understand what school environment, culture of class, attitude of student and teacher, additionRead MorePerformance Indicators Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesRationale Action and rationale Action and rationale o Coloring worksheets provided below, and crayons - In one center have students color worksheet with steps on how to wash hands properly. On the second center have students draw and color what their imagine germs look like. o Books: Germs are not for sharing by Elizabeth Verdick illustrated by Marieka Heinlen, and Miss Bindergarten stays home from kindergarten by Joseph Slate – Read books to students during circle (lecture) time. o SockRead MoreQuestions On Context For Learning Information899 Words   |  4 Pagesmaximum will not be scored. About the School Where You Are Teaching 1. In what type of school do you teach? (Type an X next to the appropriate description.) Urban: _____ Suburban: __X___ Rural: _____ 2. What grade levels are at your school site (e.g., K–6)? [Kimberly Heights Elementary teaches students from pre-k to kindergarten at their school.] 3. List any special features of your school or classroom setting (e.g., charter, co-teaching, themed magnet, classroom aide, bilingual, team taught withRead MoreA Constructivist Approach in the Classroom Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pagesjust ideas on paper. It affects the entirety of your interactions with students, as well as how your classroom is set up, two things that are very important to a high quality constructivist classroom. Besides a dreamer, I am also a Registered Early Childhood Educator (RECE), and for the past ten years I have worked at a daycare with an emergent curriculum, primarily in the kindergarten and school age programs. Like constructivism, the emergent curriculum is based on the theories of Jean Piaget, JohnRead MoreQuestions On The Lesson Plan Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagesanswer questions about characters and major events in a Story. Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas: Standard- SL.PK.6: Demonstrate an emergent ability to express thoughts, Feelings And ideas. Focus question (Big Idea): â€Å"What are the rules in school?† Outcome(s)- Learning Targets or Focus: At the end of the lesson the student will be able to (list each with the method of assessment): Students will be able to Make predictions based on picture clues, context clues and their prior knowledgeRead MoreEvaluation Of A Pre Kindergarten Classroom1221 Words   |  5 Pagesdocument is an overview of a pre-kindergarten classroom; found in the Barker school district. This class was organized to benefit all the students who walked into the room. Exceptional learners had many options to excel in all areas. The educator had many strategies in her wheelhouse, which benefits all students. Mrs. P is a seasoned educator and has many strategies, lesson plan, kinesthetic activities to benefit all students; which can be implemented in a future classroom. Plans and strategies are importantRead MoreEssay Elementary School Teaching784 Words   |  4 PagesTop Ten Reasons for Becoming an Elementary School Teacher Being an elementary school teacher is a highly rewarding profession. Building the academic foundation of young minds can be challenging, but is incredibly worthwhile. If you are considering becoming an elementary school teacher, here are the top ten reasons why you may want to take the leap into the classroom:1. You have a broad appreciation of school subjects.To be an elementary school teacher, you have to be versed in a variety of subjects

The First Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)

The first constitution of Texas adopted on March 1, 1836 opens with these words, â€Å"We, the people of Texas, in order to form a Government, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense and general welfare; and to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves, and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution†. (â€Å"Constitution of Republic of Texas† pp. 9-25.) Created in 1836, the first Constitution of the Republic of Texas was born. Fearful of attack by Mexican troops, fifty nine delegates, borrowing from other State Constitutions and the United States Constitution, met at the Washington-on-the-Brazos to write the first Constitution for Texas as an independent unitary body of Government. (Haag†¦show more content†¦(Haag and Keith p. 37) Adapted from Spanish-Mexican law, tax exemptions, protection of homesteads, and community property rights, were some of the most important provisions put into the 1836 const itution that Texas adopted upon its separation from Mexico. (Ericson, Joe E.) Evolving from the English criminal court system, the provisions calling for the application of judiciary law were widely used and preferred by most white American settlers when trying criminal court cases. (Ericson, Joe E.) Provisions adopted from other Southern States were a direct reflection of where most of the fifty nine delegates who drafted the first Texas Constitution came from. (Ericson, Joe E.) Priests were not allowed to hold a public office, there was the abolishment of imprisonment for debt, and short office terms of representatives and judges were all provisions that reflected the uncommon practices of a Southern Jacksonian view point. (Ericson, Joe E.) One main provision and the longest provision under the general provisions of the 1836 Texas Constitution that took precedence over all other laws and provisions were related to land. Centered around the protection of the rights of the people who had come to Texas because of the attraction of Texas lands, Section ten under General Provisions of the first constitution states, â€Å"All citizens now living in Texas, who have not received their portion of land, in like manner asShow MoreRelatedTexas Battle For Independence And Juan Seguin Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesTexas’ Battle for Independence and Juan Seguin The battle for Texas’ independence was a hard battle. Many lives were taken, home destroyed, and families were torn apart. Texas residents wanted to break away from Mexico and become a self-governing republic inside of Mexico because they did not like Santa Anna’s laws. Mexico did not allow slave immigration, so Texas wanted to be a part of the United States that allowed slavery. But the main reason was that Mexico would not change or consider any governmentRead MoreTexas Annexation Essay example965 Words   |  4 PagesNarrative History of Texas Annexation, Secession, and Readmission to the Union Texans voted in favor of annexation to the United States in the first election following independence in 1836. However, throughout the Republic period (1836-1845) no treaty of annexation negotiated between the Republic and the United States was ratified by both nations. When all attempts to arrive at a formal annexation treaty failed, the United States Congress passed--after much debate and only a simple majority--aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Texas Constitution By Lawrence W. Miller961 Words   |  4 PagesThe article â€Å"The Texas Constitution† by Lawrence W. Miller is mainly about the stages of leading up to the creation of our current Texas Constitution, and the lengthiness that seems to ne be taken into consideration when creating the final draft. The framers of the Texas Constitution did not seem to learn much from their predecessors, the writers of the U.S. Constitution. The article starts out by explaining how the U.S. Constitution works in regards to the government, and how it was created.Read MoreSam Houston986 Words   |  4 Pageshis second wife and his life among the Indians Samuel Houston went to Texas in 1832 to begin the most crucial part of his career as a public servant. In Texas he soon became involve in the Texans politics of rebellion, he was a delegate from Nacogdoches at the Convention of 1833 in San Felipe, in there he took sides with the radicals lead by William H. Wharton. In November 1835, he was appointed for major general of the Texas army. He was commissioned alone with John Forbes by the provisional governmentRead MoreThe Mexican State Of Coahuila Y Tejas1287 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican settlement in Texas began with the encouragement of first the Spanish, and then Mexican, governments. In the summer of 1820 Moses Austin, a bankrupt 59-year old Missourian, asked Spanish authorities for a large Texas land tract which he wo uld promote and sell to American pioneers. The request by Austin seemed preposterous. His background was that of a Philadelphia dry goods merchant, a Virginia mine operator, a Louisiana judge, and a Missouri banker. But early in 1821, the Spanish governmentRead MoreThe Constitution Of The Federal Republic Of Mexico1828 Words   |  8 PagesYear and Document Title of Texas (state, republic, nation, etc. And purpose of document Political Tension, Issues, and Debates, Causes Key changes and impact on organizations, structure, and power of Texas government Consequences 1824 Federal Constitution of United Mexican States Part of the Federal Republic of Mexico. Purpose is to establish independence from Spain After the war of independence that separated Mexico from Spain as an independent country and oust of Agustin I as the ruling monarchRead MoreThe Birthplace Of A Nation1180 Words   |  5 Pagesa modest mercantile would be miraculously transformed into a symbol of freedom and an inspiration of courage? Rich in history, a symbol of the heritage of Texas, the birthplace of a nation—this is â€Å"Independence Hall.† Independence Hall is a humble, one-room, wooden cabin located at the Washington on the Brazos Historic Site in Texas. At first glance, this modest place may not appear significant, after all, it was designed to be a practical, little mercantile. But this place is so much more thanRead MoreEssay about Annexation Of Texas1066 Words   |  5 Pagesnine years of Texas’s independence were long and seemed to be dragged out. Were those nine years unnecessary and could it have been done in a shorter period of time? 13 October 1834 was the first revolutionary meeting of the American citizens who’d settled in Mexico, in the area soon to be known as Texas. The people attempted a movement that soon was laid to rest by the Mexican Congress. Attempts at independence were silenced for the time being and the elections of 1835 proceeded forward. WithRead MoreThe Mexican -american War And The Annexation Of The Republic Of Texas Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesWar and the Annexation of the Republic of Texas (1836-1845) Since the United States was founded as an independent nation from Great Britain, its people had confronted many economic, political, and social problems. The United States started to expand its territory in the western part of the country. Some examples are the Louisiana purchase from1803 and the Spanish Florida annexation. One of the most significant and controversial in the antebellum years was the Texas annexation which was a result ofRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The United States Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesboundary of the US territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean in exchange for the US paying residents claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5 million and relinquishing its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. 1824 Election John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson (and William H. Crawford and Henry Clay); John Quincy is elected by decision of the House of Representatives;

Marketing Plan Customer Relationship Management

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Marketing Plan of Customer Relationship Management. Answer: Introduction Marketing plan is an important part of any industry to flourish, increase its goodwill and higher the clientele to increase the profits. In a hotel and tourism industry marketing is an important tool that helps to increase the quality of the business and sets strategies for its development and as a resultant it increases the financial strength of the industry. Hotel industry is considered as the biggest sub-sector of the tourism industry; it is a direct beneficiary of the tourism sector and grows proportionately to the growth of it (Brotherton, 2003). Chosen Organisation: The Roger Smith Hotel, New York RogerSmith hotel is a 250 room family run hotel situated in New York downtown Manhattan that uses social media to make it accessible to guests. It spread its brand name in digital media through social media platform to become popular in New York City. This strategy was done to reach maximum target market and attract a huge number of prospect people.Social media helped and allowed channelizing that was considered important by Roger Smith as it has a people first approach. It is a boutique hotel, offering wifi, internet enabled booking with promotional offers and has won 2015 Social Responsibility Award in US. Market Structure: The market structure analysis helps to evaluate key data, information about a firms competitive environment, position in the industry, customer development, product development leading to market development (Go Pine, 2008). It helps to establish the value drivers which allows to setup metrics that will provide improved terms and increased valuations for the firm. This assessment can be done by doing SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis for understanding what RogerSmith hotel offers. This is an audit of the operations, marketing that defines the capability of the brand. This serves as a threshold point for the RogerSmith hotel to understand the journey plan to improve in order to reach the desired state. The hotel leadership and management together with the employees need to understand their contribution towards making the brand a success. PESTLE analysis of the organisation and know the advantages and disadvantages of the company. This helps in knowing where the brand and the organisation is currently standing in the market and the weaknesses it needs to overcome (Francesco Gold, 2007). The US elections are on the way shows that political risk factor will be low, but the republican/democrat ideology may have change in industry or sector. The US economic slowdown has been a wary signal which it needs to ponder as consumer spending will be conservative and restricted. Hotel industry a sub-sector of the tourism industry; is dependent on the business sentiments. Hotel industry has to perform various tasks in order to connect and use promotional tactics to attract the people all around, for this it has to use promotional strategies, marketing skills, know its customers and plan according to the needs of the customers and make its efforts known to them. Socially the sector can benefit from the friends, relatives, business colleagues who can bring in additional business, and repeat footfalls as hotel guests. Legally the compliance for operations and HR laws has been adhered to avoid litigation. However, Bowie Buttle (2007) added that the customer disputes need special attention that has a direct outcome on the hotel brand name. Technology is an enabler and also a great tool for customer interaction making it convenient. The above tool allows understanding of the current market structure, the players at macro level whose direct and indirect association affects the hospitality business and aids in understanding the trend of the market structure. Market structure contains the price/value that has real value and perceived value components. So the RogerSmith hotel value is right service at right time for all customer segments needs evaluation with customers viewpoints that will help to improve the service. Designing the service delivery process which emanates from the vision and mission of the hotel helps to align those components and the pricing paradigm. The price which the customer pays is therefore a measure of the value component which the customer receives (Harrison, 2003). The comparison of the offerings made against the price charged should lead to sellers. This for RogerSmith hotel will be the total number of hotels in a zipcode in New York City, their tariffs, total customer base and service offerings. The aggregate of total number of sellers in the hospitality sector in New York City is the next step to understand the competition intensity. Roger Smith hotel is a good hotel with adequate brand reputation that has too many competitors in NY City. In order to understand operations and delivery, the regulations and compliance needs listing for maintaining the minimum requirement criteria. This has labour laws that is applicable for the employees in the Roger Smith hotel, the establishment of the premises which is approved and authorised by NY police, NY fire department The market structure also needs assessment of the technologies involved currently, cost of implementation and the range of advantages or value adds it can perform. The buyers perspectives about the RogerSmith hotel perception will be surveyed to understand how customers perceive (segmenting them) against the competition. Thus these components allow the market structure dimensions to align the RogerSmith hotel value that needs to be repositioned as per industry trends visible in NewYork City. Figure 2: Market Structure Analysis Competitive Analysis It is necessary for a company to assess the market and the competitors on a periodic basis so as to review their own standing in the market. The competitor analysis should be able to evaluate the strategy of the competitor and predict responses that are competitor moves. Changes in the industry key parameters like RevPAR, occupancy rates, economic condition of the US, that are important guidance for the hotel industry, employment rates, business outlook (Hooley et al. 2008). Applying Porters Industry analysis tools, the Five forces analyses the type of forces which are acting on the firm. Porters five force analysis: RogerSmith hotel, NY The Porters five force analysis shows if the hotel industry is capable of withstanding the challenges and barriers in the external environment that affects the capabilities of an organisation to exist in the competitive environment. Entry of new entrants: [LOW] This is a boutique hotel and niche, with family converting in the property into a hotel group. The industry has dominance is that of the popularly established hotels such as Hilton, Shangri La etc. which are the internationally acknowledged hotels. This makes the entry of new hotel(s) and offering a very competitive service with affordable rates extremely difficult. The establishment cost will be over USD 22-50million to gain entry into an already established industry in NY as there will be additional cost overruns. Bargaining power of customers: [HIGH] The hotel industry is a highly competitive environment the bargaining power of the customer is more with the advent of internet (Knowles, 2007). The rates and availability is knowledge driven and accordingly shapes the customer expectation set. There is range of numerous competitors available in the NY market presents a greater challenge. So demographics, availability of services, and other factors is dependant for a hotel to thrive (Kotler et al. 2006). Hence, if in a particular place if the number of hotels is high that have same services and quality then the bargaining power of the customers will also be high. Threat Substitutes: [MEDIUM] Threat of substitutes in the hotel business as there are home stays, BB (bed and breakfast), service apartments in NY that are changing the landscape of this hospitality business. Establishments such as cottage, BB(bread and breakfast) and inn provide similar or standard services to the customer in reasonable price. There has been a sharp increase in the popularity of these substitutes in the last decade as the investor to invest huge capital required for the establishment and maintenance of high budget hotels. Hence presence of close substitutes makes the market more competitive and reduces profitability of renowned hotels. RIVALRY: [HIGH] The rivalry relates to the direct competition the RogerSmith hotel is facing that has revenues as competition, customer base in the given zipcode. It has competition therefore translates to the occupancy in any given day as it directly relates to the revenues (Buhalis, 2008). CRM is effective along with social media that enables two way communications about the offers, and criticisms of services. The competitor analysis also requires doing a marketing audit before instantiating a change management plan in its operations. Ps: RogerSmith hotel, NY The marketing mix deploys the components like product/service, price, promotion and place to maximise the effect on the target market (consumer segment) (Hyde, 2006). Product: The product for RogerSmith hotel is the hotel stay for a specified amount of time, which is a service offering. The product is positioned in the mind of the customers, though the basic amenities at a price point are being evaluated. Price: The dynamic pricing of RogerSmith hotel for any given date is a new concept that is ecommerce enabled. The aggregate demand of rooms in a given day and its supply influences the prices up and down making it dynamic. Promotion: The offers on the self booking done online are discounted while the loyalty bonus and complementary stays are customary gestures which are seasonal for the RogerSmith hotel. Place: The place is the hotel itself as it is location in Manhattan is bound to attract, business travellers, casual vacationers, from US and abroad. There is process, the manner in which RogerSmith hotel offers the service to the guests that is an integrated internal mix of functions comprising of HRM, finance, IT, marketing which makes the service creation possible. The people are the employees who make it the service creation a reality and can do differentiation in the service creation process (Kotorov, 2006). Physical evidence is the brand existence in the particular location which is Manhattan in NY. In order to compete with the competitors RogerSmith hotel the management needs to drive the as is KPIs key performance indicators to be linked to the PMS (performance management systems). This is a vital step to change the culture and embrace change in the service standards. The quality of service needs to be defined in terms of time taken to produce and evaluated by the customer receiving it making it a 360degree approach (Olsen, 2004). The change in customer centric processes in operationalising the hotel needs a unified binding approach which can be value driven. The use of McKinsey 7S is beneficial for the hotel, as The values mentioned in vision, can be propagated into a systems approach, for each staff at various organisational hierarchy levels. Their style of functioning will reflect in their skills which is an element of the corporate business strategy. Conclusion Thus, market structure and competitor analysis are very important in a business plan. Going forward, there can be CRM to keep the tab on the customer base, analyse it for finding trends. Internal marketing with the employees as spokespersons will enable to engage the customer form a bond on emotional plane (Kotorov, 2006). This will help the customers to engage with the service elements, the RogerSmith hotel staff in order to drive the steady occupancy levels. The plan to promote during lean season and undercut the price in the peak season can compensate the RogerSmith hotel revenues. The overall plan of service audits of RogerSmith hotel, market audits therefore will be spread over three months in order to bring in a gradual change in operations in order to boost the marketing functions. References Bowie, D. Buttle, F. (2007) Hospitality Marketing: An Introduction. 5th ed. Oxford: Elsevier. Brotherton, B. (2003) International Hospitality Industry. 5th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Francesco, A. M. Gold, B. A. (2007) International Organisational Behaviour. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Go, F.M. Pine, R. (2008) Globalisation Strategy in the Hotel Industry. 5th ed. London: Routledge. Harrison, J. (2003) Strategic Management of Resources Relationships: Concepts Cases, New York: Wiley. Hooley, G. J., Saunders, J.A. Piercy, N.F. (2008) Marketing Strategy Competitive Positioning. 3rd ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Knowles, T. (2007) Corporate Strategy for Hospitality. 6th ed. Harlow: Longman. Kotler, P., Bowen, J. Makens, J. (2006) Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. (International Edition). 4th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Buhalis, D. (2008). Strategic use of information technologies in the tourism industry, Tourism Management, 19(5), 409-421. Hyde, K. F. (2006). Contemporary Information Search Strategies of Destination-Nave International Vacationers. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 21(2/3), 63-76. Kotorov, R. (2006) Customer relationship management: strategic lessons and future directions. Business Process Management Journal, 9(5), 566-571. Olsen, M. D. (2004) Literature in Strategic Management in the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23, 411-424.

The Convergence of the Computer Graphics and the Moving Image

The concept of new media has thus emerged and entails an amalgamation of two distinct historical paths: computing and media technology (Manovich p.1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Convergence of the Computer Graphics and the Moving Image specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two phenomena have contributed to the emergence of contemporary media technologies that facilitate the storage of sounds, images, image series and text utilizing diverse materials- film stocks, photographic plates, and gramophone documents. Consequently, the conversion of whole still pictures into motion images using computer graphics has been realized (Manovich p.2). The identity of media has transformed significantly over years. The whole new media objects, whether generated from scratch on computers or transformed from analogue media fonts, comprises of digital code. This fact has two vital outcomes: one, new media items can be ill ustrated mathematically. For example, an image can illustrated through a mathematical function; two, new media images can be manipulated using algorithms. For example, by using suitable algorithms, sound can be automatically eliminated from a photo, locate the outlines of the shapes, enhance its contrast, or alter its size. In nutshell, media arts have become programmable. Modularity, also known as fractal structure of new media, is a novel technology used in media arts. Media elements, such as sound, are depicted as sets of discreet sample (Manovich p.2). These elements-sounds, shapes, images or behaviours- are amassed into large scale objects although they preserve their distinct identities. The modular make-up of a media object and the numerical coding of media art enable the computerization of various operations engrossed in media creation, manoeuvring and access.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lea rn More Therefore, human characteristics can be alienated from the creative process to some degree. For instance, Photoshop converts pictures into Van Gogh’s. Currently, media experts are developing what is known as ‘high level’ automation of media design, which will enable a computer to recognize, to a certain level, the language entrenched in the objects being created (Manovich p.2). As the 20th century came to a conclusion, majority of online users were familiar with software that produced human conversation. Researchers at New York University were able to develop practical plays that featured inherent actors. These actors would modify their acts in real-time when a player altered his deeds. The MIT Media Lab designed several diverse projects dedicated to high level computerization of media design and use: a smart camera that, when given a screenplay, mechanically follows the action and structures the shots; ALIVE, a practical environment where the user inte rrelates with animated actors; and a new type of human behaviour. The character, produced by a computer instantaneously, converse with the user via a natural language; it also attempts to deduce the user’s emotional status and to alter the mode of communication appropriately (Manovich p.2). The historical perspective of media art and computer graphics The history of media art is place in a course of the pedigree of the media technology as opposed to art history. For example, in The Automation of Sight: From Photography to Computer Vision, Manovich discusses the innovation of perspective to computer made images. He also consigns this path within a history of automation. The architect of the algorithm which makes perspective reproduction on computer a reality had a noble objective than merely generating a tool for art. The computer should thus be able to render and understand 3-D images via a blueprint of recognition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The C onvergence of the Computer Graphics and the Moving Image specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the project of 3-D computer created images was a component of the project of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the framework of Cold War (Medosch p.27). The field of AI emerged in 1980 via unified practical and theoretical efforts in cybernetics, computer science and biology re-defined as life science. The cybernetic sphere had facilitated the parallelisation of organic and non-organic systems as open and variable processes. Both organic and nonorganic processes can be conceptualized as comprising of changeable components whose features can be devised with respect to communication and theoretical models. This enables life to be integrated with technology (Medosch p.21). Lev Manovich argues that the artistic principles employed in new media art were invented by German and Russian film makers in 1920. For example, the film ‘The M an with a Movie Camera, can be used as a blueprint to understand the language of new media art (Medosch p.28). According to Manovich, computers are interactive by their design and he argues further that all forms of media art are interactive in principle. His thesis essentially dismisses interactivity as a field synonymous with media art. By ignoring interactivity and establishing the screen as the key feature of new media art, Manovich posit that Russian avant-garde movies established the groundwork for media art. He seems to propose that artistic innovation stopped over 70 years ago. The innovative strategies in the 1920s of zooms, pans, montage, and of the unshackled and accelerated kino-eye have turned out to be the list of options in Photoshop. The U.S. software designers are merely offering the public with watered-down menu access to the artistic innovation of the early 1920s (Medosch p.29).Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Batchen Geoffrey censures Manovich for using cinema as the main conceptual lens via which the language of new media is addressed, overlooking the historical development of telegraphy and photography. The exploit of 35mm rejected motion picture by Zuse, the German architect of the computer, is sufficient proof for Manovich to accept the fact that the entire present media transformed into numerical data available for the computer (Medosch p.29). Batchen states that â€Å"the plausibility of this particular historical metaphor depends on two particular claims: 1, that computing and photo-media have no interaction until the 1930s and 2, that cinema is the key to any understanding of the forms and development of new media† (Medosch p.29). Batchen’s account demonstrates the close relationship of the histories of telegraphy, photography and computer. According to Medosch, four interconnected technologies and their conceptual tools-mechanical weaving, photography, photo-mechan ical printing and computing-were initially envisaged in the 19th century and thus must be comprehended with respect to modernity, which implies industrialism, patriarchy and colonialism (p.29). Medosch claim that Cubist, Futurist, Cub futurist, Dadaist and supremacist were the theoretical forerunners of media art. The new media art form that emerged after World War II- Fluxus, Pop Art, action painting, performances and actions- were employed as media platforms to set the centre stage for the liberated digital image (p.30). However, Christine Paul contradicts this assertion by alleging that the concept of interactivity and virtuality in media art were discovered by artists such as Marcel Duchamp with respect to objects and their optical effects. Paul posits that the contribution of Duchamp was highly influential within the sphere of digital art due to a transformation from object to concept. She devises a lineage of digital art that differs from Manovich’s by laying emphasis o n the effect of Duchamp through an OULIPO, French writers to conceptual art. The conceptual connection here is that OULIPO writers, Duchamp and Fluxus artists habitually generated art works that were grounded on the implementation of a set of rules, which are comparable to computer algorithm. This observation is augmented by Peter Suchin who asserted that the nature of art in1960, amassed under the shared heading of Conceptual art is a vital determinant of the contemporary new media art practises. Other conceptual connections between art activities in the past and the current media art centred on the exhibition Cybernetic Serendipity, at the ICA, London in 1968. On the contrary, there is no connection between the emergence of cybernetic art in 1960 and its resurfacing in980. Moreover, there is minimal connection Burnham’s Software Art show and the software art in 2005 (Medosch p.30). Distinctive features of new media art: The principle of variability One distinctive feature o f new media art is that it can be expressed in diverse unlimited versions due to the effects of modular structure of the object and numerical coding of media. Previous cinema involved computer experts who manually assembled optical, documentary and audio features into a logical sequence. New media art, in contrast has an element of changeability that enable media objects to generate several versions. Instead of being generated entirely by humans, these versions are usually amassed in part by a computer. Therefore, the principle of changeability is highly related to automation. Variability would also not be feasible in the absence of modularity. Media elements preserve their distinct features and can be amassed in to several series under program control. Moreover, since the elements are split into concrete samples- for example, an image is displayed as an assortment of pixels), they can be generated and modified on the fly (Manovich p.3). Thus, the principle of variability is vital i n that it allows the combination of numerous critical features of new media that may appear unconnected at first sight. Specifically, popular new media compositions such as interactivity, branching and hypermedia can be viewed as examples of the principle of variability. For instance, during branching interactivity, the user ascertains the sequence in which elements are accessed. This is the easiest type of interactivity. The complex types are also likely where the structure and elements of the object are altered or produced on the fly in reaction to the user’s interface with a program (Manovich p.4). The selection of ready-made elements to form part of the content of a new media object is merely one facet of the ‘logic of selection’. As the designer develops the object, he also naturally selects and uses a number of filters and ‘effects’. All these filters, whether altering image facade, generating a conversion between moving images, or using a filt er to a piece of music, entail algorithmic alteration of the present media object or its components (Manovich p.7). The technological shift from a material object to a signal achieved by electronic technologies signalled a fundamental conceptual move towards computer media. The phrase ‘digital compositing’-commonly used in the area of new media- is defined as the process of merging a series of moving images and possibly still pictures, into a solo series with the aid of special compositing software for example Cineon (Kodak), Adobe (After Effects) and Wave front (Compositor). Digital compositing signifies a common operation of computer culture- amassing several elements to generate a distinct seamless object. Thus, it is feasible to discriminate compositing in the general sense from compositing in limited way by accumulating motion pictures to produce moving images (Manovich p.8). The link between the artistic of postmodernism and the operation of selection is related t o compositing. These two processes concurrently facilitate the current practise of quotation and pastiche. One function is used to choose styles and elements from the database of culture while the other is used to amass them into new objects. The basis of the postmodern artistic in 1980s and the rationale of the computer based compositing in 1990s are dissimilar. For example, in 1980s, the past references and media quotes were preserved as separate elements and boundaries between elements were defined aptly. This aesthetic matched the early digital and electronic tools of the era, for example, DVE, keyers, video switchers and computer graphics cards with a restricted colour resolution. These tools allowed hard-edge copy and paste operations but not silky, multilayer composites (Manovich p.8). The use of computer graphics to generate special effects The contemporary proliferation of special effects in Hollywood film industry has brought about the age of digital revolution. Digital te chnology has been praised as a revolutionary phenomenon in the history of media arts. A cursory analysis of media technology shows that substantial research is devoted the social, economic and political effects of the virtual reality, internet, and other types of new media. For example, the use of computer graphics in Avatar has taken cinema industry to new heights of technological innovations, especially in the IMAX 3D. Cameron, the director of Avatar, employed game-changing special effects. For instance, in The Abyss, the producers developed whole digital 3-dimensional effects in the movie. In Judgement Day, the producer created digital characters with human traits that had practical movement while in Titanic; unique effects were generated using modern computer technologies to create an impression of a large mass of water (Eisenberg p.2). In the same manner we cannot indulge in a discussion about suspense without referring to Hitchcock, we cannot discuss the evolution of computer graphics without talking about Tron Legacy. While Hitchcock pioneered the use of animated 3D CGI, Tron Legacy used new technology comprehensively, including more than 10 minutes of totally computer generated images. In the Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan (1982), the movie director was able to create black holes using green lines and arcs. Next, the computers were able to replicate millions of year’s value of planetary evolution in a short span of time. This special effect was developed by Lucas Film’s Computer Graphic department and involved the use of microscope to create minute features of the movie, especially with regard to the placing of stars as observed from the camera’s viewpoint, light-years away. The landscape is also the first time in cinema industry where a fractal generated scene was employed to simulate practical landscape (Eisenberg p.4). In the movie The Matrix (1999), the producers were able to use numerous cameras placed on an arc around the scene (also called green screen). The cameras were synchronized to generate the appearance of slow motion. Although this effect was employed previously in Blade, it was the application of interpolation software that enabled the Wachskis to slot in CGI outlines that made the motion extremely fluid. In the movie Lord of the Rings Trilogy (2001), the producers employed A.I. to create digitalized movie characters. One of the special effect was the movie’s colossal orc army. It is obvious that the producers could not have employed over 99,000 extras required to bulk up the army’s ranks; instead, they created digital orcs with brains. By employing a computer software known as MASSIVE (Multiple Agent Simulation System in Virtual Environment), the producer was able to generate thousands of orcs at no cost (Eisenberg p.6). In ‘The Legible City’ by Shaw Jeffery, the user takes a ride on a domestic trainer bicycle and goes through a 3-D city of words and sentences display ed before him. The structural design is based on real cityscapes in which the shape and size of letters matches with those of buildings. In the Manhattan edition (1989) the manuscript tell over seven different narratives, from ex- mayor Koch to Donald Trump to a cab driver. The piece is said to ascertain an express relation between real and abstract city whereby the textual element of the city virtually deciphers the features of hypertext and hypermedia into structural design where readers create their own story by selecting paths via the non hierarchical text warren. The art work thus shows post modern theories about textuality and offers user a first hand of cyberspace. In the ‘The Legible City’, the planet is viewed as text, a proposition that has been propagated by post modern philosophers (Medosch p.36). Machinima movies-the creation of animated movies in real time via the use of computer game technology-have altered game play via performance, subversion, spectator ship, and modification. The manner in which previous machinima projects described the unification of animation; filmmaking and game development has been enlightening. They definitely educate us something concerning the impact of advancement in game technology and computer graphics (Lowood p.1). The phrase ‘machinima’ was taken from ‘machine cinema’. It thus implies the creation of animated movies in real-time by using a special software to design and play computer games. The game creators’ uses software called game engines to control complex real-time graphics, camera views, lighting and other facets of their game. Games are interactive; pre-rendered computer graphics has narrow use in software that must instantly respond and reshape the screen in response to player action (Silva p.3). Games such as first person shooters increase the stakes of this technological challenge. In order to plunge the player in the swift action of the game, the virtual env ironment must be rendered in 3-D format from the user’s viewpoint, constantly, doing so at high frame-rates as the user moves through that space. Ever since 1990s, specific software and hardware solutions have been used to create these views on the fly (real-time). Machinima creators have discovered ways to re-deploy this intricate software for producing movies, relying on their knowledge of the games and game software. Starting as players, they discovered that they could convert themselves into directors, actors and even cameras to generate these animated movies cheaply on a personal computers employed to frag friends and monsters in Quake or Doom. Of late, as machinima develop artistically and technically, the inventors are now focussing on how to use the technology efficiently to generate animated films that compete with digital frame-based methods (Silva p.3). Throughout the 20th century, the conceptualization of 19th century insinuation of what would emerge later as comp uting machinery was basically not documented. Other than electronic arts and IT disciplines, there was obviously little interest with regards to the development of computer based art. However, the interface between computing and arts began to emerge, from the period John Whitney used analogue computer to create animation in 1958 to Edward Zajac’s computer made movie five years later. The combination of media art and computer graphics was more prominent in the 1990s. However, its significant progress was evident as a result of a richer and extensive durability of technology and media art. The concept of amalgamating electro-mechanical processes with fine and applied arts and architecture liberated the theory of an idiosyncratic contemporary and homogenous tradition based on the complex relationship between human and machine, science and art (popper p.11). Complementing its substantial retrospective, Phantasmagoria included latest work by new media artists Toshio Iwai and Agnes Hegedus and places their contribution within the spectacle and magic of Melies pioneering films. As a matter of fact, Callas and Watson noted that the creative contributions of these new media artists revitalize admiration and delight experienced by the initial movie audience in Melies ‘magic movie’. If early movie was a historical perspective in which it was appropriate to situate these modern artists operating with interactive media, it was also manifest to both Watson and Callas that if Melies was alive today, he would not fail to adopt the digital pleasure offered by computer graphics and virtual reality (Hughes p.6). The convergence of media arts and computer technology has played a significant role in the advancement of film industry, especially with respect to motion pictures. The ability to use computer graphics to generate special effects as seen in movies such as Avatar, Troy and Lords of the Rings have taken the cinema industry to unprecedented level. The ga me creators’ have used special software called game engines to control complex real-time graphics, camera views, lighting and other facets of their game. So as we sit back to enjoy watching animated characters in a movie, we should remember that the major achievements seen in the media arts industry is due to computerisation of the processes involved in creating moving image. Works Cited Eisenberg, Eric. How Avatar Happened: Light cycles and Giant Lizards on the path to  Innovation. Dec 15 2009. Web. www.cinemablend.com/†¦/How-Avatar-Happened-Lightcycles-And-Giant- Lizards-On-The-Path-To-Innovation-16162.htm Hughes, Robert. The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change. London: BBC Publishing, 1993. Print Manovich, Lev. The Language of New Media. New York: The MIT Press, 2001. Print Medosch, Armin. Technological Determinism in Media Art. Sussex: Sussex University, 2005. Print Lowood, Henry. â€Å"High-Performance Play.† The Making of Machinima. Stanford: S tanford University. Popper, Francis. Art of the Electronic Age. London: Thames Hudson, 1993. Silva, Michelle. Digital Alchemy; Matter and Metarphosis in Contemporary Digital Animation and Interface Design. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2005. This essay on The Convergence of the Computer Graphics and the Moving Image was written and submitted by user Alanna Ratliff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical Analysis Essay on The Yellow Wallpaper

Critical Analysis Essay on The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a popular literary piece for critical analysis, especially in women’s gender studies. It focuses on several inequalities in the relation between John and his wife. It was published for the first time in 1892 in a New England magazine and is considered to be one of the earliest and essential feminist literary pieces in America. The story illustrates the physical as well as the mental deterioration of women during the 19 century due to a medically prescribed treatment of being allowed to do nothing. Gilman created a very effective fictional narrative based on her personal experience with depression, and this had a strong impact on other women. This story was written to condemn the sexual politics which make the medical treatment prescribed possible. The story is critically acclaimed because it brings into focus the unequal relationship the males and females in the society. The male gender is perceived to dominate society while the female gender is not given the space to make decisions independently of men. This is seen in the instances when John belittles his wife’s creative endeavors. John does not respect his wife, and so he treats her like one of his children by calling her a little girl. This makes the wife dislike her house. To her, the environment seems too isolated, making her unhappy. The story portrays women in Western society as deprived of their rights. Instead, they are treated like objects or men’s possessions. They have nowhere to exercise their personal freedoms, and they feel belittled by the male counterparts. For instance, John keeps on dismissing his wife’s thoughts and opinions. He believes that his wife should depend solely on him for almost everything. This is why this story has enjoyed such popularity, mostly by women who feel that they deserve a better place in the society, that they need space to exercise their creativity and productivity. Women feel they have strong potential and the ability to do anything, just like men do, and they should not depend on men for everything. Rather, they should depend on men as much as men depend on women. Women should have their decisions respected, and no one should dismiss their ideas. Instead, ideas should be shared and debated, regardless of gender. Moreover, men should support women as equals rather than belittle them. In Gilman’s story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† John acts as the mirror through which women are viewed negatively in the society, a society in which women are not perceived to be full citizens. They are not supposed to be anywhere near the political arena or in the public eye. Instead, they should remain in their homes. This view has led to women fighting for their rights through creating women movements to fight for their place in the society. Tips on Writing a Critical Essay over a Literary Piece First, it is important to understand that a critical essay is not a criticism of the literary piece or of its author. It is your reaction or response to the piece. Begin by reading the piece several times, if possible. Highlight and make notes on anything that captures your attention. That could be a phrase, a character’s thought or action, or an event. Then analyze why that interests you. What is the significance? What is the writer trying to achieve? Knowing the writer’s background and the social or historical time period in which a story takes place is helpful in understanding the significance of characters or story events. Then, create a thesis statement that reflects your opinion about some aspect of the literary piece. Next, utilize evidence from the piece to support your opinion. Finally, organize your writing in a logical fashion. Do not retell the story or present details in chronological order. Assume your reader knows the literary piece being discussed and is interested in your opinion and how you support it. Our custom essay writing service is ready to provide you with high-quality custom written essays. All you need is to contact our writing company and to fill in the order form.

German and United States Relations

German and United States Relations Different waves of German immigration to the U.S. resulted in German immigrants becoming one of the largest ethnic groups in the US. Starting in the late 1600s, Germans immigrated to the U.S. and established their own communities such as Germantown near Philadelphia in 1683. Germans came to the US for various reasons including economic hardship. Nearly a million Germans immigrated to the U.S. in the aftermath of the German Revolution in the 1840s. World War I At the beginning of the World War I, the U.S. declared its neutrality but soon changed positions after Germany began its unlimited submarine warfare. This phase of the war led to the sinking of various American and European vessels, among them the Lusitania which carried about a thousand passengers including 100 Americans. America officially entered the conflict against the Germans in a war which ended in 1919 with Germanys loss and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. Jewish Persecution Tensions resurfaced when Hitler starting targeting the Jewish population which eventually escalated into the holocaust. Trade agreements between the United States and Germany were eventually revoked and the American ambassador recalled in 1938. However, some critics state that, due to the isolationist tendency of the U.S. politics at the time, America did not take sufficient steps to prevent Hitlers rise and the persecution of Jews. World War II As in World War I, the U.S. initially took a neutral position. In the early phase of the war, the U.S. enacted a trade embargo against all the warring nations and this isolationist position did not change until the fall of France and the real prospect of the fall of Britain when the United States began supplying weapons to the anti-German side. Tensions escalated when the United States began sending warships to protect weapon supplies, which eventually fell under attack from German submarines. After Pearl Harbor, the United States officially entered the war which ended with the surrender of Germany in 1945. Split Germany The end of World War II saw Germany occupied by France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. Eventually, the Soviets controlled the eastern German Democratic Republic and the Americans and western allies supported the western Federal Republic of Germany, both established in 1949. Cold war rivalry between the two superpowers dictated the realities in Germany. U.S. aid to Western Germany was characterized by the Marshall Plan, which helped rebuild German infrastructure and economy and provided incentives for Western Germany, among others European countries to remain in the anti-Soviet bloc. Split Berlin The city of Berlin (in the eastern part of Germany) was also divided between eastern and western powers. The Berlin Wall became a physical symbol of both the Cold War and the Iron Curtain. Reunification Competition between the two German halves remained in place until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The reunified of Germany re-established its capital in Berlin. Current Relations The Marshall Plan and U.S. troop presence in Germany has left a legacy of cooperation between both nations, politically, economically, and militarily. Although both countries have had recent disagreements on foreign policy, especially with the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, relations remained favorable overall, especially with the election of pro-American politician Angela Merkel.

Childrens Literature Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Childrens Literature Interview - Essay Example I've never a full count of them, but my estimate would be that I personally own at least 150 different children's books. That includes picture books as well as reading books. Most of them are display in various locations around my classroom simply because I think it does children so much value just to actually see books because they may not have any at home. Especially the kids who come to my school because we live in a low-income area where 95% the students throughout the school qualify for free lunch. Since they are kindergarteners, most of the books they actually pick up are picture books or have limited vocabulary. A: Well, our school instituted a mandatory two hour reading block for all grades. Obviously, the way this is conducted in kindergarten is different from the higher grades. Much of our reading time is spent in reading groups, actually. We have some computer programs and we have worksheets, but I always try to spend at least half the time with actual books in their hands. The terrific thing about the level of children's books I use in kindergarten is that after seven years I have memorized quite a bit of them. Verse books especially. This allows me to actually watch them as they get stuck on a word while I am following along in my head. Q: If you've memorized some of the books and you have over one-hundred of them, I would imagine that would mean there are some favorites that get read every single year What kind of books are favored among kindergarteners in the 21st century A: The doctor never fails. Dr. Seuss is just as popular now as ever. It might be the verbal play and silly words, but at the same time they enjoy books about Charlie Brown and the "If you give a" series. Of course, when it comes to having kids actually looking through a book on their desk, you can't beat Eric Carle. Q: As an educator, why do you think Dr. Seuss is as popular in 2008 as he was in 1968 A: I may be the wrong person to ask. Quite evidently, the rhymes and the made-up words appeal to kids. Dr. Seuss is fun to listen to and the illustrations obviously have great appeal. Any book with humorous drawings is a guaranteed hit among kindergarteners. But I think my particular experiences with Dr. Seuss may differ from others. Q: Could others learn from your experience Do you think this experience with Dr. Seuss is something that could be translated into a standard lesson plan or curricula A: The way I deal with rhyming books and Seuss in general is not something that I would consider standardizing. You have to have a flair for the dramatic and even a certain willingness to kind of make a fool of yourself, I guess. The language and fun and humor of Seuss in particular, but most kindergarten-level rhyming book in general, may appeal to contemporary students even more than students in 1968 or 1988. The rhythm of these books is instantly recognizable to most of my students, and probably every American student, as a form of rap. So, even though I'm not a fan of rap music or consider myself a great rapper, I know I can reach these students by turning Dr. Seuss into a rap song. Any

Ethical Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Theories - Essay Example Additionally, one of the major uncertainties in the Act Utilitarianism is that it appears to be too lenient, able to justifying some crime, and yet making it ethically compulsory, if simply the worth of the particular outcomes of the particular act is great enough. In addition, there is another major uncertainty and that is act-utilitarianism is much better in theory than in practice, as we barely ever have the time as well as the information to forecast the outcomes of an act, review their worth, and formulate judgments through probable alternative acts (Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism2). In case of Jean’s nephew Pierre, Jean has used illegal means to bring a prescription. In this situation, Pierre’s life was in danger and due to un-availability of medicine he can die. According to Act Utilitarianism the act of Jean has created happiness and offered a great deal of relief from pain. According to Act Utilitarianism Jean has performed a rightful and legal action that ulti mately saved someone’s life. Rule Utilitarianism Oxford moral philosopher R. M. Hare presented a 2-tiered theory that is known as rule utilitarianism. According to this theory, without doubt happiness is the eventual moral value; the means to go after it can be not direct. In this scenario, a 2 tiered theory would assess categories of events normally similar to as telling the truth, murder, remaining realistic in a wedding, breaking promises, regarding parents, caring for children, punishing the innocent, etc. However, some of the categories of proceedings are assessed rather than individual proceedings, a large number of people need to be measured in such estimated scenario should all in a culture be permissible to cheat? If a wide-ranging moral exclusion besides cheating creates more pleasure, then rule utilitarians would ease the moral rule "Don't Cheat." (LawAndBioEthics; Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism2). In addition, the rule utilitarianism is a quasi rule oriented struc ture where policies perform a vital role; however the system completely relies on a standard. In this scenario, the fundamental utilitarian principle is utilized, with facts regarding social communication, to derive rules. Additionally, once the systems are prepared, no direct computation of utility is required. Moreover, the law has to be pursued even if the individual measures produce more pain as compared to pleasure (LawAndBioEthics; Utilitarianism; Utilitarianism2). In case of Jean’s nephew Pierre, Jean is performing a wrong deed. In the light of Rule Utilitarianism, Jean is going against her personal code of law. This leads her to guilty of crime for using his job authority for illegal task. On the other hand she also saved the life of Pierre; this situation takes her to another aspect that she has performed a rightful job. Kantiansim Kantiansim is a viewpoint of ethics that is presented by Immanuel Kant. In this theory, Kant supposed that people should take care of as an end as well as never as a simple means to an end. On the other hand, it is immoral to utilize people for our own personal objective since people are important in themselves. In addition, Kantianism is a non consequential theory outlining the act itself is more significant as compared to the results of that act. In fact, Kant’

Ethnography of Speaking Essay Example for Free

Ethnography of Speaking Essay The article â€Å"Ethnography of Speaking† towards a Linguistics of Praxis† by Alessandro Duranti provides thorough study of language use in everyday life of a particular speech community. Actually, the author discusses peculiarities of language use involving communicative competence, context, speech communities, speech events, speech acts and conversation analysis. This study is centered on a situation discourse meaning that linguistic performance is evaluated in terms of socio-cultural order and language. It is noted that ethnography of speaking (ES) is concerned with finding relations between â€Å"language use and local systems of knowledge and social conduct†. The author discusses the goals of the speech, attributes of linguistic code and provides definitions of main terms involved in the discussion of language use. The author admits that ethnographers of speaking are interested in analyzing language use. The author claims that â€Å"the notion of language use is strictly related to the view of sociolinguistics as merely a different methodology, a different way of obtaining data†. However, ES define language use as the use of linguistic code in terms of a particular culture or community. The author assumes that unity of language is only illusion and in order to interpret the sign it is necessary to analyze the context. The goals of ES are to establish social identities and relationships, to explain how it is possible to change the world, to provide frames for speech events and act and, finally, to break social and cultural barriers. It is necessary to notice that ethnographic study wants to describe knowledge required by participants to communicate successfully with each other. Therefore, speaking or not speaking is significant for all human interactions. The process of speaking is, thus, constitutive of reality meaning that speaking â€Å"makes something already existing present to the participants or creates something anew†. Finally, the author discusses the role of speaking in shaping people’s life. Why speaking is important for human interactions? Works Cited Duranti, Alessandro. Ethnography of Speaking Towards Linguistics of Praxis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Comparing Symbolical Language in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Great

Symbolical Language in Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Great Gatsby In some novels, strong impressions are exploited to conceal other meanings. Unraveling these symbolic word puzzles may reveal insights into the author's perspective and one's own secrets.   A careful analysis of selected passages of two books: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and Francis Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, will show that symbolical language can reveal even more insight. In this comparison, symbolism in the passages containing variations of the words "blossom" or "blooming" will be examined to reveal human development beyond sexuality and anatomy. The protagonist, Janie, in Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, was sixteen years old when a series of natural events led to her to unlocking the secrets of her own sexuality. "Janie had spent most of the day under a blossoming pear tree in the back yard" introduces a location suitable for observing a miracle of reproduction in nature. The word "blossoming" indicates the narrator's comments are in the active present tense. The next few sentences, changing to past tense, reveal that this particular day--the third day--was much different than the first two. "That was to say, ever since the first tiny bloom had opened." The author poetically reveals progressive stages of pear tree flowers "blooming" along with their pollination by bees. This process so intensely intrigues Janie that her enhanced awareness triggers previously hidden sensual emotions and desires. Janie's continuous observation of the interplay among the plant and insect kingdom--mixed with her own intuitive feelings while lying on her back beneath the pear tree--leads her to a burst of in... ...prevent Gatsby from relating to other "nice" girls like Daisy (148). In other words, both Janie and Gatsby had stumbled into a new awareness because of major turning points in their lives, but these were just beginnings! They had graduated from being "grown up children," but now they were like "children at being adults" still having much to learn. The remaining story developments of both books detail further growth in the character development of the protagonists and the principle characters. And so it is with us and how we unravel the mysteries of symbolism in literary word puzzles, that we as readers can also grow like "blossoms blooming" through the eyes of Hurston and Fitzgerald. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 1953. Hurston, Zora N. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Harper & Row, 1937.

Cars Versus motorcycles Essay

In the united states many people buy cars and motorcycles. Some people prefer driving cars rather than motorcycles. Both are very popular types of transportation these days. Cars and motorcycles have many differences in their cost, convenience ,safety, comfort and maintenance. The first difference between cars and motorcycles are the cost. For example, people need to pay a lot of money if they want to buy or lease a car. However, motorcycles are cheaper to rent or buy. Also, cars are more convenient than motorcycles. For instance, cars can transport many people but motorcycles do not do it. Also, cars have air condition and people can listen music while they drive. Other, advantages have a car is another person can drive for someone when he is drunk. Motorcycles are most popular in young people because is most exciting, easy to parking and avoids traffic. The second important difference is safety. For example, cars have seat beats and air bags can protect the drivers. However ,in motorcycles, people only can use helmet, so drivers are fragile. Also, cars have a cage most protectors in case of accident than motorcycles. Although, the car insurance is the most expensive than motorcycles it covers all damage. Also, people in motorcycle need to use sunglasses for protect their eyes. In case of terrible accident people in motorcycle died, so cars are most safety. Other essential differences are comfort and maintenance .Motorcycles do not have comfort because seats are very awkward. However ,cars have soft seats and if it is raining people will not get wet. When people need to change oil and tires, it is very expensive. Also, cars are most difficult to repair and use a lot of gas. However ,motorcycles are too easy repair because do not have a big motor. Motorcycles are not difficult to maintain. In conclusion ,cars and motorcycles are very different in their cost, convenience, safety, comfort and maintenance. A lot of people buy cars or motorcycles, it is a very common type of transportation .Each person buys a vehicle that they like for their features.

IB Math Exploration

Although the aluminum can and the wood chip were ere close together, there was still a large amount of heat loss to the surroundings. This resulted in a lower temperature reading, which in turn reduced our AT value. Thus reducing our overall enthalpy of combustion and is one of the reasons why the theoretical value does not fall within our experimental range. A way we could possibly reduce this error is to alter the apparatus and let as little air escape as possible which would keep energy losses to a minimum while maintaining a stable environment for the wood chip to combustion.Ideally we could have the apparatus inside a glass chamber with a hole for the temperature probe and a hole to light the Another source of error we must take into a count was the improper use of the temperature probe. Instead of letting the probe sit freely in the aluminum can producing an accurate measurement; we let the probe sink to the bottom of the can where it would record a higher temperature due to th e hot spot in the water. This has an impact on our experimental value and would be a reason why our experimental value is higher than the theoretical one.This is not the case due to the act that heat loss reduces the amount of energy gained by a substantial amount compared to how much is gained from a rise in temperature. We could have simply eliminated this error by keeping the probe suspended in the water and giving it a stir every once in a while in order to reach uniform temperature in the can. A couple of minor errors I noticed were the fact that we used a graduated cylinder to measure our amount of water. Then we poured that water into our aluminum can but we weren't able to pour every ounce of water out of the cylinder.Thus affecting our mass in our mica formula for water and having an overall negative affect on our enthalpy value. Another minor thing was that as I noted in my qualitative data I incomplete combustion since soot (or otherwise known as impure carbon particles) is one of the products from that reaction. In this type of reaction less energy is released, thus dropping our enthalpy of combustion value to even further below our theoretical value. In order to fix these minor errors we can fill our can directly from the tap as well as have a greater supply of clean oxygen for the reaction to occur.

Jacqueline Kennedy essays

Jacqueline Kennedy essays Each generation of the United States has represented a time of growth and development for society. Throughout existence there have been individuals that were important personal examples to people around them. Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis has been acknowledged as an exceptional and unique American icon by millions of citizens. She dedicated her life to her country and her loved ones, and impacted the public in many important ways. Not only did she demonstrate the importance of life but she also touched the hearts of many with her style and dignity. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born in Southampton, New York on July 28, 1929. Being the elder of two daughters of John and Janet Lee Bouver, she was raised in an affluent and cultured environment mainly in New York, Rhode Island, and Virginia. As a young child, she enjoyed horses and her ability to horseback ride was one of her most favorite activities to complete. She attended Vassar College, studied abroad in Paris, and eventually graduated from George Washington University in 1951. In 1952, while working as a photographer for the Washington Times-Herald, she interviewed Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. On September 12, 1953 she and Kennedy were married. They had three children, one of which died two days after his birth. As First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy wanted to make the nations capital a source of pride. She redecorated the White House as well as planned a national cultural center, later named the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. On November 22, 1963 Jacqueline witnessed her husbands assassination in Dallas, Texas. After this tragedy, she moved to New York City with her two children in hopes of privacy. On October 20, 1968, she married Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy Greek businessman. After she was widowed for a second time, Jacqueline began a career in publishing and then became a senior editor at Doubleday, where she specia...

Practice Restaurant Dialogue for Ordering Food

Practice Restaurant Dialogue for Ordering Food Ordering food in a restaurant is one of the most basic tasks for English learners- after all, eating is essential and so is talking about eating- but it can also be one of the most daunting. This simple lesson is aimed at beginners who are practicing ordering for the very first time. Use this lesson, dialogue, and sample menu to help ESL students learn how to order  food in a restaurant using basic vocabulary Preparing for the Dialogues Simple dialogues will help students to order food and speak in a socially acceptable way in a restaurant while  challenging listening-comprehension exercises will help boost their passive-understanding skills. Before having students perform the dialogue below, ask them to name different types of food they might find in a restaurant. Write the vocabulary on the board and make sure students also take notes. After they do so: Give students the dialogue and menu, and ask them to read through it carefully. Point out the use of would like for asking for and making requests. You may also want to make sure they notice the use of here you are instead of please when handing someone something.Pair students and ask them to role-play ordering food in a restaurant using the menu below (or a more interesting menu you may have on hand). Both students should switch roles a number of times.If you have access to a computer, improve passive understanding by doing a  listening- comprehension  exercise, like the one found in this practice script.   Finally, ask students what are some ways  (dialogues, thematic texts, and narrative stories)  they can use to help them improve their listening-comprehension skills in English. Dialogue: Ordering Food in a Restaurant Have students pair up to practice the following dialogue, then have them switch roles. Waiter: Hello, Can I help you?.Kim: Yes, Id like to have some lunch.Waiter: Would you like a starter?Kim: Yes, Id like a bowl of chicken soup, please.Waiter: And what would you like for your main course?Kim: Id like a grilled cheese sandwich.Waiter: Would you like anything to drink?Kim: Yes, Id like a glass of Coke, please.Waiter: Would Pepsi be OK? We dont have Coke.Kim: That would be fine.Waiter:  (After Kim has her lunch.) Can I bring you anything else?Kim: No thank you. Just the bill.Waiter: Certainly.Kim: I dont have my glasses. How much is the lunch?Waiter: Thats $6.75.Kim: Here you are. Thank you very much.Waiter: Youre welcome. Have a good day.Kim: Thank you. Same to you. Sample Menu Use this menu to practice ordering food in a restaurant. Have students swap out different food and drink items to modify the above dialogue, or let them create their own dialogues. Joes Restaurant Starters Chicken Soup $2.50 Salad $3.25 Sandwiches - Main Course Ham and cheese $3.50 Tuna $3.00 Vegetarian $4.00 Grilled Cheese $2.50 Slice of Pizza $2.50 Cheeseburger $4.50 Hamburger $5.00 Spaghetti $5.50 Drinks Coffee $1.25 Tea $1.25 Soft Drinks - Coke, Sprite, Root Beer, Ice Tea $1.75

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 16

Marketing - Essay Example Nevertheless, the company has built a reputation with teenagers and young adults who generally flock their stores to purchase fashionable clothes of their choice. As such, these clothing apparels, which are produced and marketed internationally requires strategic decision making. For A&F to make good judgements regarding its operations, the company must primarily perceive the external factors that may affect the company’s operation that are out of its direct control (CIPD, 2008). Understanding the macro-environment aids both in the detection of possible opportunities and financial threats for and to the business respectively. In order to perceive a better view of the environment where Abercrombie and Fitch operates in, the PESTLE analysis should be used to identify risks, growth and decline, proper market positioning and possible direction for the overall improvement of the company’s product and organizational management (CIPD, 2008). PESTLE stands for Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental (CIPD, 2008). Taking into consideration the individual elements of PESTLE as previously mentioned the Abercrombie and Fitch Management should decisively analyze the following: 1. Political – as a retail clothes company that manages outlets internationally, management at A&F must de aware of the different government regulations regarding trading policies with regards to trade restrictions and tariffs that may apply. It should also be updated with political trends, international pressure groups and inter-country relationships. 2. Economic encompasses the overseas economic trends. Taxation changes specific to product/service. The company must also be aware of interest and exchange rates on international trade and monetary issues. A study of credit availability, cost of living, economic growth and wage rates among others must be done on a

Letter to the editor Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter to the editor - Assignment Example Mr. Perez makes the assumption that everyone will agree with his position that racial profiling is dangerous rhetoric. The truth is Americans are concerned with the problems of illegal immigration. Only minorities might agree with this point of view. A better argument can be made than racial profiling is wrong. Solutions need to be given for the immigration problem. There are no easy solutions, but maybe if Arizona is provided with alternatives, then racial profiling legislation might not be needed. Several options that could be explored are stricter I.D. regulations. New technology could provide the answer. In many states, to receive an I.D. a fingerprint must be given. Police might be provided with a fingerprint pad to compare with the fingerprint listed on file. If the I.D. is not legitimate this could be spotted immediately. Another option would be all government services have a photo I.D. with the fingerprint requirement. Services like healthcare, any governmental services, and so forth could be mandated. Buying tags, registering a car, filing a lawsuit, and registering for a post office box are all examples of government services. Driver’s Licenses and state I.D.s with better security measures like finger prints, barcodes, and photos embedded in the issue I.D. with the same techniques as used in money and checks could help spot illegal immigrants. A perfect example of checking I.D. legally would be through the Census. If an individual does not send in a Census form , the Census bureau sends out field agents. Names that are sent in can be checked with legitimate Social Security numbers, credit reports, and other sources, if a name cannot be matched up, then I.D. will be required. There are so many instances that an I.D. is required. Eventually illegal immigrants would be caught. Crime is another issue that the Arizona legislation addressed. Violent crimes are being committed by

English people versus American people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English people versus American people - Essay Example The United States is made up of many sub cultures and values within sub cultures vary from region to region which is not true in the case of Britain. The British hold a more conservative approach to their lifestyles and a common set of values prevails over the entire country making it and its people less receptive to outsiders and alien ideas. Furthermore, the British also have a more conservative immigration policy for outsiders to come to the country either to visit or settle with the natives of the land. On the contrary, America has shown more flexibility to its naturalization process and immigration is actually supported by the system- making it a land of opportunity for all. Moreover, people in Britain are linked with their heritage and location as where they are from and where their ancestors have been linked to. This creates a strong internal discrimination among themselves and has developed a class system within the country. Anywere starting from linkage to the royalty to the lords of the land, people feel pride in their heritage to an extent where hey actually discriminate their values over others living within the country and not belonging to the same level or maybe higher to their lineage (Denning, 1996). Equality among people in Britain has suffered where no two classes are treated equally between the circles and this difference is clearly visible when comparing the labour over different industries. A coal miner does not get the same respect as a restaurant waiter. A manager in a big corporation feels and shows his elevated grace to a manager in a small firm. In the contrast, the American system of the society, though may at times be unjust, but is more liberal in the concept of equality (Christopher, 1999). Human Rights are made into laws and discrimination is discouraged by implementing legislations that enact to support equality and discourage gender or race discrimination. With equality of

Virtual reality environments for geographic visualisation Essay Example for Free

Virtual reality environments for geographic visualisation Essay Today a wide variety of virtual worlds, cities and gaming environments exist and become part of life of their human inhabitants (Borner et al 2005). Navigation is playing an increasingly important role in virtual environments (VE). Today virtual worlds are very large and present challenging navigation tasks. According to MacEachren et al (1999), virtual environment (VE) technologies have considerable potential to extend the power of information visualization methods, and those of scientific visualization more broadly. Ruddle (1996) assertion of â€Å"one in three people get lost in virtual environment† is true due to lack of knowledge but is possible to roam and explore these geographic environments. Previous work have been done to develop tools that generate visualisations of user and environment interaction for social navigation, monitor, study, and research virtual worlds and their evolving landscapes. Visualization and navigation in virtual environments The geovisualization of virtual environments use of 3D display and thus has the potential to depict the three geographic dimensions of real spaces with each dimension of the display space depicting a geographic dimension (MacEachren et al, 1999). There is progress and developments in research and applications in this field. A lot has been developed, for example, Lahav and Mioduser (2003) developed and researched a multisensory virtual environment simulating spaces in real-life. Chen and Stanney (1999) came up with theoretical models of wayfinding, used to guide the design of navigational aiding in virtual environments. Galyean (2006) immersed VR experience with the advantages of narrative structure to allow smooth and continuous interaction and presentation with the structural and temporal qualities. Ruddle et al (1997). Tsai-Yen Li et al (2008) also developed a real-time camera control module for navigation in virtual environments. The wayfinding process has embraced cognitive mapping, wayfinding plan development, and physical movement or navigation through a virtual environment. Virtual environment navigation has evolved drastically from archaic to post-modern tools. There have been developments in virtual simulation of urban and rural environments using both traditional cartographic methods and modern geo-information technologies such as Google earth and fly-through movies. The recent developments in the use of satellite imagery, Digital Elevation Models and Aerial Photographs have led to new lead large scale movies and virtual reality navigation processes. The coming of these 3D geographic information systems (GIS) is fundamental for synoptic vie and virtual terrain recognition. Augmented reality as part of emerging concept allows live direct view of a physical real-world environment whose elements are augmented by virtual. It is related to a more general concept called mediated reality in which a view of reality is modified and its augmentation is conventionally in semantic context with environmental elements. A Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE) is a multi-user shared, intelligent, virtual environment representing the real geographic environment to conduct geospatial analysis, carry our geovisualization, to support collaborative work, planning and decision making. According to Hui and Zhu (2004), virtual geographic environments consist of five types of space, namely; geographic data spaces, network spaces, multidimensional presentation spaces, social spaces and sensory/perceptual spaces. These virtual spaces make VGE different from the traditional virtual reality space associated with unrealistic expectations. VGE is equated with reality by making the spaces continuous and coextensive. Nguyen et al (2009) carried out various experiments to investigate effects of scale changes on distance perception in virtual environments. The rural and natural environments basically involved use of existing natural linear features and landmarks such as roads, cliffs and rivers to navigate. The new paradigm shifts (Joseph et al 2001), have tremendously tacked the issue of scale especially on global views. The traditional experiences were profound and thus these new innovations have proved successful. For example, Vinson (1999) designed guidelines to ease navigation in large-scale virtual environments. The guidelines focus on the design and placement of landmarks in virtual environments. The distinct features and landmarks represented various areas like buildings, petrol stations and corners to direct the navigation process along a designated navigation route. This limits the audience’s movement through the space to interesting and compelling paths. According to Ruddle (1996), examples of interface fidelity include the lack of physical movement that is required to travel around VEs and the impoverished field of view. Important factors of environment fidelity and precision include the amount of visual detail and the omission of non-visual sensory information. The virtual reality world has become interested in large scale spatial cognitive simulation. This takes a role of an environments physical form and how the design of a setting shapes the spatial behavior and cognition of its users. It largely puts into consideration numerous forms of spatial information: real-world environments, virtual environments, maps, route directions, gestures, and both written and spoken descriptions (Mekni and Moulin Mekni (2008). Sensor Webs are deployed in large scale geographic environments for in-situ sensing and data acquisition purposes, a perfect example of a dramatic solution to large scale simulation and virtual reality representation. Conclusion Advances in human-computer interaction have created completely new paradigms shifts for exploring and presentation spatial information in a virtual environment, with flexible user control. Hence, more intuitive and efficient interactive visualization environments become increasingly significant for the visual exploration of large amounts of extensive spatio-temporal information both at small scale and large scale. There is special focus on new geographic and cartographic applications which involve experts and users in the context of data visualization in real virtual environments. They are mainly developed to aid visualization in a natural extension of communication and functions in the visual thinking domain. References Bishop, I. D. , and C. Karadaglis. 1994. Use of interactive immersive visualization techniques for natural resources management. SPIE 2656:128-139. Borner, K. , Penumarthy, S. , DeVarco, B. J. , and Kerney, C. 2005. Visualizing Social Patterns in Virtual Environments on a Local and Global Scale. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. Volume 3081. ISBN 978-3-540-25331-0 Fisher, P. 1994. Randomization and sound for the visualization of uncertain spatial information, in Visualization in Geographic Information Systems. Edited by D. Unwin and H. Hearnshaw, pp. 181-185. London: John Wiley Sons. Chen, J. L, and Stanney, K. M. 1999. A Theoretical Model of Wayfinding in Virtual Environments: Proposed Strategies for Navigational Aiding. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Vol. 8, No. 6, Pages 671-685 Galyean T. A. , 2006. Guided Navigation of Virtual Environments. MIT Media Lab. Cambridge, MA. 02139 Hui L and Zhu Q. , 2004. Data Visualization: Virtual Geographic Environments combining AEC and GIS. Extracted from http://www. directionsmag. com/article. php? Joseph J. LaViola Jr. Daniel Acevedo Feliz Daniel F. Keefe Robert C. Zeleznik(2001) Hands-Free Multi-Scale Navigation in Virtual Environments. Brown University. Department of Computer Science, Box 1910. Providence, RI 02912 Lahav, O. and Mioduser, D. 2003. 6A blind persons cognitive mapping of new spaces using a haptic virtual environment. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs. Volume 3. Issue 3, Pages 172 177 MacEachren, A. M. , Edsall, R. , Haug, D. , and Ryan B. , 1999. Virtual Environments for Geographic Visualization: Potential and Challenges. Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on New Paradigms for Information Visualization and Manipulation, Kansas City, Nov. 6, 1999. MacEachren, A. M. , D. Haug, L. Quian, G. Otto, R. Edsall, and M. Harrower. 1998b. Geographic visualization in immersive environments. GeoVISTA Center, Penn State University, www. geovista. psu. edu/publications/i2. pdf. Mekni, M. and Moulin, B. 2008. A Multi-agent Geosimulation Approach for Sensor Web Management. Proceedings in Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2008. SENSORCOMM 08. Second International Conference on Sensor Web Management. Dept. of Comput. Sci. Software Eng. , Laval Univ. Quebec, Quebec City, QC ISBN: 978-0-7695-3330-8 Nguyen, T. D. , Ziemer, C. J. , Plumert, J. M. , Cremer, J. F. , and Kearney, J. K. 2009. Effects of scale change on distance perception in virtual environments. Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization. ACM New York, NY, USA. Pages: 27-34. ISBN:978-1-60558-743-1 Rhyne, T. -M. , and T. Fowler. 1996. Examining dynamically linked geographic visualization. Computing in Environmental Resource Management, Research Triangle Park, NC, Dec. 2-4, 1996, pp. 571-573. Ruddle, R. A. 1996. Navigation: Am I really lost or virtually there? In D. Harris (Ed. ) Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics. Vol. 6, 135-142. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. Ruddle, R. A. , Payne, S. J. Jones, D. M. 1997. ‘Navigating buildings in â€Å"desk-top† virtual environments: Experimental investigations using extended navigational experience’. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Vol. 3, pp. 143-159. Tsai-Yen Li and Chung-Chiang Cheng 2008. Real-Time Camera Planning for Navigation in Virtual Environments. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin. Vol 5166. Pages118-129. ISBN978-3-540-85410-4 Vinson, N. G. 1999. Design Guidelines for Landmarks to Support Navigation in Virtual Environments. Proceedings of CHI ‘99, Pittsburgh, PA. May 1999† Institute for Information Technology. National Research Council, Canada. Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6

Software Patents Must be Eliminated :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Software Patents Must be Eliminated Software patents threaten to devastate America's computer industry. Patents granted in the past decade are now being used to attack companies such as the Lotus Development Corporation for selling programs that they have independently developed. Soon new companies will often be barred from the software arena--most major programs will require licenses for dozens of patents, and this will make them infeasible. This problem has only one solution: software patents must be eliminated. The Patent System and Computer Programs The framers of the United States Constitution established the patent system so that inventors would have an incentive to share their inventions with the general public. In exchange for divulging an invention, the patent grants the inventor a 17 year monopoly on its use. The patent holder can license others to use the invention, but may also refuse to do so. Independent reinvention of the same technique by others does not give them the right to use it. Patents do not cover specific systems: instead, they cover particular techniques that can be used to build systems, or particular features that systems can offer. Once a technique or feature is patented, it may not be used in a system without the permission of the patent-holder--even if it is implemented in a different way. Since a computer program typically uses many techniques and provides many features, it can infringe many patents at once. Until recently, patents were not used in the software field. Software developers copyrighted individual programs or made them trade secrets. Copyright was traditionally understood to cover the implementation details of a particular program; it did not cover the features of the program, or the general methods used. And trade secrecy, by definition, could not prohibit any development work by someone who did not know the secret. On this basis, software development was extremely profitable, and received considerable investment, without any prohibition on independent software development. But this scheme of things is no more. A change in U.S. government policy in the early 1980's stimulated a flood of applications. Now many have been approved, and the rate is accelerating. Many programmers are unaware of the change and do not appreciate the magnitude of its effects. Today the lawsuits are just beginning. Absurd Patents The Patent Office and the courts have had a difficult time with computer software. The Patent Office refused until recently to hire Computer Science graduates as examiners, and in any case does not offer competitive salaries for the field.